{"id":597492,"date":"2023-06-27T19:59:41","date_gmt":"2023-06-28T02:59:41","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.esri.com\/about\/newsroom\/?post_type=arcnews&p=597492"},"modified":"2023-06-26T10:37:20","modified_gmt":"2023-06-26T17:37:20","slug":"tactile-maps-built-with-gis-help-people-who-are-blind-gain-spatial-awareness","status":"publish","type":"arcnews","link":"https:\/\/www.esri.com\/about\/newsroom\/arcnews\/tactile-maps-built-with-gis-help-people-who-are-blind-gain-spatial-awareness","title":{"rendered":"Tactile Maps Built with GIS Help People Who Are Blind Gain Spatial Awareness"},"author":5752,"featured_media":0,"menu_order":0,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"sync_status":"","episode_type":"","audio_file":"","castos_file_data":"","podmotor_file_id":"","cover_image":"","cover_image_id":"","duration":"","filesize":"","filesize_raw":"","date_recorded":"","explicit":"","block":"","itunes_episode_number":"","itunes_title":"","itunes_season_number":"","itunes_episode_type":"","_links_to":"","_links_to_target":""},"categories":[386932,275822,91],"tags":[20422,276062,1691,405762,15212],"arcnews_issues":[485612],"class_list":["post-597492","arcnews","type-arcnews","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-accessibility","category-arcgis-living-atlas-of-the-world","category-mapping","tag-arcgis-pro","tag-national-mapping","tag-situational-awareness","tag-spatial-awareness","tag-visual-impairments","arcnews_issues-summer-2023","arcnews_sections-news"],"acf":{"short_description":"A collaboration in the Netherlands aims to give people with limited vision access to tactile maps to help them gain situational awareness.","pdf":{"host_remotely":false,"file":"","file_url":""},"flexible_content":[{"acf_fc_layout":"content","content":"For people who are blind or have low vision, the voice commands on common navigation apps\u2014often coupled with other aids, such as a walking stick or guide dog\u2014work wonderfully to help them get from point A to point B. But users of these apps typically miss a lot of context along the way.\r\n\r\n\u201cNavigation apps tell you that you have to go straight, or right, or left at the next corner. But is it a 60-, 90-, or 120-degree corner? What kind of street will it be\u2014a narrow one for pedestrians or a wide one with a lot of cars?\u201d mused Arend Jan van Dongen, a resident of Vught, the Netherlands, who is legally blind. \u201cYou don\u2019t get that information from the navigation app. You need a map to get an overview of that.\u201d"},{"acf_fc_layout":"image","image":596692,"image_position":"left","orientation":"horizontal","hyperlink":""},{"acf_fc_layout":"content","content":"A spirited and swift-moving collaboration is underway in the Netherlands to give people who are blind or have limited vision regular access to tactile maps that can help them gain situational awareness of the places they go\u2014whether they\u2019re walking around their neighborhoods, traveling to the next town over, or taking a trip to a far-away city. The Netherlands\u2019 Cadastre, Land Registry and Mapping Agency\u2014known as Kadaster\u2014is working with Esri Nederland (Esri\u2019s distributor in the Netherlands), several local accessibility organizations, and a handful of universities and academics to use ArcGIS technology to produce maps on swell paper that people with vision impairments can touch to get overviews of neighborhoods, regions, whole countries, and the world.\r\n\r\nThe group wants to ensure that the maps are functional for a wide range of user needs and preferences\u2014and that people with low or no vision can order the maps on demand, without the aid of a sighted person. The collaborators have also set their sights on reaching people beyond the Netherlands.\r\n\r\n\u201cThrough ArcGIS Living Atlas of the World, we have data for the whole world available at several scales,\u201d said Vincent van Altena, a research and innovation consultant at Kadaster. \u201cThe project group would like to make these maps available on demand for people everywhere, especially those who live in places with limited access to resources like this.\u201d\r\n\r\n\u201cAll visual media needs to be adapted for visually impaired people or people with reading disabilities for the simple reason that, first and foremost, they are people,\u201d added Julian Nauta, the product manager for tactile graphics at the Dedicon Foundation, a nonprofit that reproduces texts and images in alternative formats and is contributing to the project. \u201cFor them to be able to fully participate in our very visual and image-heavy society, they need a way to understand images, read text, and experience maps.\u201d"},{"acf_fc_layout":"content","content":"

A Digital Solution Emerges<\/h2>\r\nAlthough tactile maps are available for people who are blind or have low vision, they are often difficult and time-consuming to produce."},{"acf_fc_layout":"image","image":596702,"image_position":"right","orientation":"horizontal","hyperlink":""},{"acf_fc_layout":"content","content":"\u201cDedicon has been making tactile maps for a long time, but it has always been a manual process,\u201d said Nauta. \u201cWhen somebody calls and asks for a map of a certain country or area of their city, one of our illustrators starts drawing the area street by street, which, of course, is very labor-intensive. This means that we can\u2019t make very many maps per day, per year.\u201d\r\n\r\nSix years ago, van Altena was representing Kadaster at a conference and encountered Anna Vetter, an Esri Switzerland intern at the time, who had used ArcGIS technology to make a tactile atlas of Switzerland. Van Altena was interested in her work and asked her to send him the data and project files so he could try creating something similar with Dutch data. He didn\u2019t have time to pursue the project immediately, but a few years later, when van Altena was working with Daan Rijnberk, who was then an intern at Kadaster, the idea resurfaced.\r\n\r\nThe two of them got in touch with Bartim\u00e9us, an institute for the visually impaired; the Accessibility Foundation, an organization that focuses on digital, physical, and social accessibility; the Dedicon Foundation; and the Swiss Library for the Blind and Visually Impaired. These organizations helped them conduct focus groups with people who are blind to discover how tactile maps could aid them in their everyday lives.\r\n\r\nNauta recalled one user at an early focus group saying that he once took the local railway line to go to a hardware store in a neighboring village. A few days later, the person took the rail line again to visit a home electronics shop. He realized that the two stores were near each other and said that, if he had known this earlier, he would have visited both shops during his initial journey.\r\n\r\n\u201cWe sighted people, when we navigate to a place, can immediately see everything that\u2019s around that destination,\u201d Nauta said. \u201cUp until now, visually impaired people couldn\u2019t really do that, except with the handmade maps that Dedicon produces but can\u2019t produce in large enough quantities.\u201d"},{"acf_fc_layout":"content","content":"

A New Way to Gain Context<\/h2>\r\nWorking with Esri Nederland, van Altena and Rijnberk used ArcGIS Pro, along with data from Kadaster and ArcGIS Living Atlas, to make some maps. Rather than taking days, it took them about 20 minutes to put together each prototype."},{"acf_fc_layout":"image","image":596712,"image_position":"left","orientation":"vertical","hyperlink":""},{"acf_fc_layout":"content","content":"\u201cWe produced tactile printable maps of neighborhoods, as well as maps of the Netherlands that provided context, such as provincial capitals and the way railroads run through the country,\u201d said van Altena.\r\n\r\nThe team then carried out usability testing with people who are blind or have limited vision. Ellen Zieleman, one of the testers, said she was astonished the first time she felt one of Kadaster\u2019s tactile maps of the world.\r\n\r\n\u201cWith one finger, I could cover the Netherlands, and I needed both hands to get an idea of Russia\u2019s size,\u201d Zieleman said in a video produced by Kadaster that highlights her experience as a map tester. \u201cMy worldview has been enriched because I now have the same access to knowledge that other people have.\u201d\r\n\r\nWhen van Dongen tested the tactile maps, he did so in Zwolle, near Kadaster\u2019s office.\r\n\r\n\u201cI was able to recognize the area, but I also saw things on the map that I didn\u2019t know,\u201d he said. \u201cWith a map made in the correct way, you can get a good overview of a situation and use it to orientate yourself in daily life. \u2026 For instance, when I\u2019m on holiday, I like to know the surroundings of the hotel or apartment complex where I\u2019m going to stay. Or if I have to go to a hospital, I can get an overview of the corridors and how the different parts of the hospital are situated so I can more easily find my way when I\u2019m there.\u201d\r\n\r\nThrough testing, the team learned that people largely want to use the maps to figure out how cities and neighborhoods are laid out, where stores are located, and what routes are available for getting around. One woman, who lost her sight several years ago, wanted to know what the new mall in her community looks like.\r\n\r\n\u201cShe knows what her neighborhood used to look like, but she doesn\u2019t know what the mall looks like\u2014and she goes shopping there frequently,\u201d said Niels van der Vaart, head of product management and innovation at Esri Nederland. \u201cShe asked us to create a map of the mall so she could get a sense of how it\u2019s laid out.\u201d\r\n\r\nVan Altena believes that the spatial awareness provided by these maps can go beyond people\u2019s immediate, day-to-day needs as well.\r\n\r\n\u201cThe maps can also hopefully give users a better understanding of society and specific situations\u2014within their own cities, but also on a more European and even a global level,\u201d he said."},{"acf_fc_layout":"content","content":"

The Challenge of Data Filtration<\/h2>\r\nJust as sighted people can adjust digital maps to their liking\u2014by zooming in to a particular area or filtering the layers so they only show buildings or vegetation\u2014people who do not see with their eyes need to be able to create their own maps."},{"acf_fc_layout":"image","image":596722,"image_position":"right","orientation":"horizontal","hyperlink":""},{"acf_fc_layout":"content","content":"\u201cThe most important thing is that you can decide what you want on a map,\u201d said van Dongen. \u201cFor me, when I enter a [train] station, I want to know if I\u2019m entering the front or back of the hall. Other people may not care about that.\u201d\r\n\r\nData filtration is particularly challenging when producing tactile maps because of how little information can be put on each map.\r\n\r\n\u201cBecause people who are blind use their fingertips to explore maps, they need space between the structures, patterns, and lines to be able to distinguish them,\u201d said van Altena.\r\n\r\n\u201cTo be able to feel a line, the minimal thickness of it needs to be about three-quarters of a millimeter,\u201d Nauta explained. \u201cTo distinguish a line from a slightly thicker line, that second line has to be almost twice as thick. And to be able to determine where one object ends and the next begins, there needs to be three or four millimeters of space between them.\u201d\r\n\r\nIn aiming to make these maps as accessible as possible, the team is using letter-sized swell paper that works in laser printers. The maps get printed in black ink, and then the paper is placed in a small oven (which looks like a laminator) that activates the paper\u2019s chemical coating. Within seconds, the ink expands upward to a uniform height. The result is a map that people can feel with their fingertips.\r\n\r\nBecause the surface area of the maps is so limited, the team is experimenting with how to present information on the tactile maps.\r\n\r\n\u201cWe\u2019re trying to figure out how many different symbols someone can distinguish with their fingers, what symbology we should use, and how many layers of information we should present,\u201d said van der Vaart. \u201cDo we first present a map with just roads and then present a second map with roads and buildings, or do we start with a map with a lot of information on it and then give people a map with less information?\u201d"},{"acf_fc_layout":"content","content":"

How Tactile Map Symbology Works<\/h2>\r\nThe team is still grappling with those questions. But right now, the first map that the team makes for users is a base layer that only shows the waterways, railways, and roads in an area."},{"acf_fc_layout":"image","image":596732,"image_position":"left","orientation":"horizontal","hyperlink":""},{"acf_fc_layout":"content","content":"Footpaths are delineated by a dotted line with short dots. Bicycle paths are lines in which every other dot is three times as long as the others\u2014so, a one-millimeter dot, then a three-millimeter dot, and so on. There\u2019s different symbology for roads that are largely for cars, as well as for highways. If a road allows cars and bicycles, the map just shows the symbology for a car-based road because it would be too crowded to display the symbology for both.\r\n\r\nFrom there, users can build their own accompanying maps. Say someone wants a map that shows restaurants and public transit stations. A second page in a set of maps might contain roads and restaurants, and a third page might show roads and transit stations. Or perhaps all three could fit on a single map if there\u2019s enough space between symbols.\r\n\r\n\u201cThe maps also have an anchor point on them so users can orient themselves and figure out where particular locations are, based on that spot,\u201d said van Altena.\r\n\r\nAlthough there aren\u2019t any worldwide standards for tactile map symbology, the group is working with researchers who study tactile symbols while continuing to employ the best practices that organizations like the Dedicon Foundation and the Accessibility Foundation have developed."},{"acf_fc_layout":"content","content":"

An Entirely Autonomous Process<\/h2>\r\nThe next step in the project is to create a system that allows people who are blind to request\u2014and even build\u2014the maps themselves, without help from others."},{"acf_fc_layout":"image","image":596742,"image_position":"right","orientation":"horizontal","hyperlink":""},{"acf_fc_layout":"content","content":"\u201cWe\u2019re working on a process to let people order the maps online,\u201d said Aafke van Welbergen, an expert on inclusive and user-centered design at the Accessibility Foundation. \u201cIt\u2019s very important to not only have the maps exist but to also allow people to order and use them autonomously.\u201d\r\n\r\n\u201cWe are looking at building a web-based dissemination system, and we want to see how this could tie into the ways that people who are blind already get information\u2014through Dedicon, for example,\u201d said van der Vaart. \u201cFor the web development part of this, we are thinking of using ArcGIS Maps SDK for JavaScript to create not only the map-ordering mechanism but also the dynamic legends that we want to use in the maps.\u201d\r\n\r\nOnce the team gets the whole process of making, ordering, printing, and using tactile maps to be autonomous, project participants hope that they can extend their work to other organizations\u2014and to people in other countries.\r\n\r\n\u201cWe want to take our proof-of-concept designs that show how these maps can be made using national datasets and ArcGIS Living Atlas and share our knowledge with other organizations and national mapping agencies,\u201d said van Altena. \u201cWe are looking to collaborate with more people so we can continue to build on these ideas.\u201d"}],"references":null},"yoast_head":"\nTactile Maps Built with GIS Help People Who Are Blind Gain Spatial Awareness | Spring 2023 | ArcNews<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"A collaboration in the Netherlands aims to give people with limited vision access to tactile maps to 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