{"id":773031,"date":"2026-05-11T10:51:05","date_gmt":"2026-05-11T17:51:05","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.esri.com\/about\/newsroom\/?post_type=arcuser&p=773031"},"modified":"2026-05-11T10:51:05","modified_gmt":"2026-05-11T17:51:05","slug":"maps-are-memory","status":"publish","type":"arcuser","link":"https:\/\/www.esri.com\/about\/newsroom\/arcuser\/maps-are-memory","title":{"rendered":"Maps Are Memory"},"author":6921,"featured_media":0,"menu_order":0,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"sync_status":"","episode_type":"","audio_file":"","transcript_file":"","podmotor_file_id":"","podmotor_episode_id":"","castos_file_data":"","cover_image":"","cover_image_id":"","duration":"","filesize":"","filesize_raw":"","date_recorded":"","explicit":"","block":"","itunes_episode_number":"","itunes_title":"","itunes_season_number":"","itunes_episode_type":"","_links_to":"","_links_to_target":""},"categories":[24962],"tags":[470261,170662,493469,17202,493468],"arcuser_issues":[493467],"class_list":["post-773031","arcuser","type-arcuser","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-focus","tag-3d-modeling","tag-arcgis-hub","tag-benin","tag-lidar","tag-northeastern-university","arcuser_issues-spring-2026"],"acf":{"short_description":"Historically significant buildings are vanishing across West Africa. GIS and 3D modeling can digitally preserve the area\u2019s built heritage. ","pdf":{"host_remotely":false,"file":"","file_url":""},"flexible_content":[{"acf_fc_layout":"content","content":"At first glance,\u00a0the Grand Mosque in Porto-Novo, Benin, might seem like little more than a ruin. Built sometime between 1906 and 1912, the mosque has fallen out of use and into disrepair:\u00a0discolored\u00a0minarets, busted windows, splotches of flaking paint. Vegetation sprouts from its upper stories. Still,\u00a0it\u2019s\u00a0hard to deny the underlying beauty of the structure, with its ornate pillars and elaborately carved facade. As a once-grand building that lacks the dedicated resources for it to be\u00a0maintained\u00a0beyond minimal upkeep,\u00a0it\u2019s\u00a0tempting to see the mosque as a monument to\u00a0urban decay.\r\n\r\nBut the Grand Mosque also tells another story. In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, many West Africans and their descendants who had previously been enslaved in Brazil came to the region, some returning home, some arriving for the first time. Some settled in Porto-Novo. These were the Aguda people, who brought with them\u00a0a different set\u00a0of cultural practices, faiths, and ideas. Many had converted to Islam, sometimes as an act of protest.\u00a0They\u2019d\u00a0spent decades building Christian churches and cathedrals\u00a0all across\u00a0Brazil, particularly in Bahia.\r\n\r\nAll of this is what led the Aguda to construct the Grand Mosque with its unique architectural identity\u2014a West African mosque that looks like a Brazilian church. And is what makes it such a striking, significant part of Porto-Novo\u2019s history and identity."},{"acf_fc_layout":"image","image":773033,"image_position":"left","orientation":"vertical","hyperlink":""},{"acf_fc_layout":"content","content":"But its future\u2014like that of so many culturally or historically significant buildings across Porto-Novo, Benin, and West Africa as a whole\u2014is uncertain. One local organization has begun the process of trying to rehabilitate the Grand Mosque and turn it into a museum. Other,\u00a0similar sites\u00a0are not so lucky.\r\n\r\n\u201cA lot of these buildings . . . both colonial and traditional buildings, are fast disappearing into the African landscape,\u201d said H. Killion\u00a0Mokwete, assistant professor of architecture at Northeastern University. \u201cThey\u2019re being replaced.\u201d\r\n\r\nIn some ways, this is understandable. Older buildings are more expensive to\u00a0maintain\u00a0and modernize; often,\u00a0it\u2019s\u00a0more efficient and cost-effective to make way for new structures. At the same time, something is lost when these buildings disappear. A city\u2019s buildings\u00a0comprise\u00a0its history, its identity, and its memory. Although it\u2019s not always reasonable to try to preserve them forever,\u00a0Mokwete\u00a0and a team of researchers at Northeastern University are trying to do the next best thing\u2014map these buildings, give them context, construct geospatial ghosts that can inform residents\u2019 sense of where they live, and help others learn about the area\u2019s rich and complex\u00a0history."},{"acf_fc_layout":"image","image":773035,"image_position":"right","orientation":"vertical","hyperlink":""},{"acf_fc_layout":"content","content":"\u201cThe idea is to create a space where we can partner with local groups in the African context\u2014primarily the francophone countries of West Africa\u2014in order to document and digitize architectural built heritage,\u201d said\u00a0Mokwete.\r\n\r\nThe result of this effort is the African Built Heritage Hub. Northeastern researchers are partnering with local organizations and using GIS tools such as ArcGIS Online, ArcGIS Survey123, ArcGIS Field Maps, and ArcGIS Hub\u2014in conjunction with lidar scanning for the development of 3D digital models\u2014to create a dynamic repository of imagery and knowledge about culturally and historically significant sites across Africa.\r\n

An Urban Context<\/h2>\r\nPorto-Novo\u00a0wasn\u2019t\u00a0the first location the team had in mind. While traveling through Togo, Mokwete became fascinated by\u00a0takienta\u2014mud tower-houses scattered across the\u00a0Koutammakou\u00a0region, which stretches across northeastern Togo and western Benin. He was struck by the fact that the\u00a0takienta\u00a0appear to be part of the landscape, rather than imposed on top of it. It turned out, however, that many of the buildings in this area were being replaced by new brick structures.\r\n\r\n\u201cI was worried that over time we won\u2019t know we actually had these buildings,\u201d said\u00a0Mokwete."},{"acf_fc_layout":"image","image":773036,"image_position":"left","orientation":"vertical","hyperlink":""},{"acf_fc_layout":"content","content":"When he approached Northeastern University with the idea to digitally preserve structures like\u00a0takienta,\u00a0Mokwete\u00a0was encouraged to think bigger. Where else could this idea be applicable\u2014and where were historically significant sites disappearing at ever-faster rates?\r\n\r\n\u201cThe idea was that if we started with an urban context, there\u2019s much more depth,\u201d said\u00a0Mokwete. \u201cBuildings in an urban context have to deal with more demand for space and rapid urbanization.\u201d\r\n\r\nOther factors influenced the decision as well. Bahare\u00a0Sanaie-Movahed, GIS specialist at the Northeastern University Library, noted that considerations such as changing climate conditions, infrastructure limitations, economic pressures, and conflicts across the continent meant that West Africa was the most viable region to pilot the project, with the intent to operate farther afield in the future.\r\n\r\nMokwete scouted a few\u00a0different locations\u00a0and\u00a0ultimately settled\u00a0on Porto-Novo. If the team members were able to test their idea in an urban area to\u00a0determine\u00a0if it\u00a0was\u00a0applicable in multiple contexts, the project could expand to more rural landscapes across Africa like the\u00a0Koutammakou\u00a0region and beyond.\r\n

GIS Is the Backbone<\/h2>\r\nOnce the team settled on Porto-Novo, it was time to collect the project data. This process required two crucial components: buy-in from local stakeholders and geospatial technology.\r\n\r\nSince the hub\u2019s primary purpose is to accurately document and preserve the heritage of the sites surveyed, local stakeholders were fundamental in ensuring the success of this\u00a0mission, and\u00a0often provided personal interviews that the team recorded and\u00a0ultimately integrated\u00a0into the hub. The team worked with organizations such as \u00c9cole du\u00a0Patrimoine\u00a0Africain and staff from the Royal Palace\u00a0Mus\u00e9e\u00a0Honm\u00e9, among many others.\r\n\r\nThe main data collection tools were ArcGIS Field Maps and ArcGIS Survey123, which the team used to survey and record data about individual sites, including details about the architectural features, historical or religious significance, and condition of each structure. These tools were also used to gather information from social participants\u2014residents of the area who had\u00a0expertise\u00a0or knowledge about each site.\r\n\r\n\u201cGIS is the backbone of the work,\u201d said\u00a0Sanaie-Movahed. \u201cWe also brought in photos through [ArcGIS]\u00a0StoryMaps, [ArcGIS] Dashboards; and then we started putting all this together in one ecosystem, which is ArcGIS Hub.\u201d\r\n\r\nIn addition to the Grand Mosque, the team surveyed\u00a0Zangbeto\u00a0Temple\u2014a major site in the West African Vodun religion\u2014as well as the\u00a0Mus\u00e9e\u00a0Honm\u00e9\u00a0and other significant examples of traditional Beninese, Aguda, and colonial architecture."},{"acf_fc_layout":"image","image":773037,"image_position":"right","orientation":"vertical","hyperlink":""},{"acf_fc_layout":"content","content":"Some sites, such as the Grand Mosque,\u00a0Zangbeto\u00a0Temple, and Places\u00a0Vod\u00f9n\u00a0R\u00e9nov\u00e9es\u00a0d\u2019Adjina\u2014a compound\u00a0containing\u00a0multiple Vodun shrines\u2014were good candidates for 3D\u00a0modeling. The team used drones and lidar scanners to collect visual data on these sites that could then be used to construct digital models, allowing people to explore each site remotely.\r\n\r\nThis\u00a0wasn\u2019t\u00a0always a smooth process\u2014drones rely on satellite imagery to design a flight path, and the team was\u00a0frequently\u00a0working in areas where this imagery was slow to load.\r\n\r\n\u201cImagine that you are looking on a blank page and then trying to design the flight,\u201d said\u00a0Sanaie-Movahed. \u201cIt was really challenging.\u201d\r\n\r\n\u201cIt\u2019s like the [lidar] scanner,\u201d added Mokwete. \u201cAt one point it just overheats because it\u2019s so hot out here, and humid. These things are designed in cooler climates. When you bring it here, you have to cool it, otherwise it just breaks down on you.\u201d\r\n\r\nOne of the central technological challenges was processing and hosting the massive files produced by lidar scans in a form that could be easily interacted with, especially in areas with limited internet access or slower internet speeds."},{"acf_fc_layout":"image","image":773038,"image_position":"left","orientation":"horizontal","hyperlink":""},{"acf_fc_layout":"content","content":"\u201cI think if there\u2019s any technological development in the way we process data, that is probably the frontier of making it easier to work with lidar,\u201d said\u00a0Mokwete.\r\n

The Past and the Future<\/h2>\r\n\u201cOnce we were back in the United States, we started not only creating the hub and then bringing all those stories\u00a0together, but\u00a0also digitizing maps that we brought back from Africa,\u201d said\u00a0Sanaie-Movahed. \u201cWe brought back images of maps from books, from walls. And then we started digitizing the maps and creating interactive dashboards.\u201d\r\n\r\nThis process of digitization and data aggregation was often done in ArcGIS Pro, and culminated in the Porto-Novo Building Explorer, a dashboard created with ArcGIS Dashboards that allows visitors to the African Built Heritage Hub to explore information about Porto-Novo\u2019s historical buildings in context. This dashboard is where much of the survey data the team collected in Benin now lives, composing a vital living geospatial database of the city\u2019s architecture."},{"acf_fc_layout":"image","image":773039,"image_position":"right","orientation":"vertical","hyperlink":""},{"acf_fc_layout":"content","content":"\u201cSome of the buildings we saw don\u2019t exist anymore,\u201d said\u00a0Mokwete. \u201cWe were here a year,\u00a0maybe two\u00a0years ago, and the buildings have been demolished to make way for new developments.\u00a0So\u00a0if we\u00a0hadn\u2019t\u00a0georeferenced it, you could have a picture, but no idea of where that picture was taken.\u201d\r\n\r\nThe hub also includes multiple stories created with ArcGIS\u00a0StoryMaps, as well as the 3D models created from lidar scans. Many of the current models are of highly visible buildings that are likely to be preserved in some physical form, but future scans may help digitally preserve\u00a0buildings that could soon be erased from the landscape. Being able to explore them in a virtual reality context provides an extra layer of enrichment.\r\n\r\n\u201cInteractive engagement means that it\u2019s not just an archive,\u201d said\u00a0Mokwete. \u201cIt\u2019s also live information that people can engage with.\u201d\r\n\r\nBut one of the benefits of an archive, interactive or not, is that it allows residents and\u00a0nonresidents\u00a0alike to view the city with a full breadth of context. It can help change how these sites are treated, even within a local framework.\r\n\r\n\u201cWe are confident that the approaches we tried and piloted in Benin work,\u201d said\u00a0Mokwete. \u201cWe\u2019re\u00a0working with students, working with local organizations and partners. After the scanning and the\u00a0data\u00a0we\u2019ve\u00a0got now,\u00a0we\u2019re\u00a0in the process of getting\u00a0grants to rehabilitate one of the buildings based on the work\u00a0we\u2019ve\u00a0done.\u201d\r\n\r\nThis success is especially important as the team looks to expand the scope of the project beyond what has been\u00a0accomplished\u00a0in Porto-Novo and Benin.\r\n\r\n\u201cThese Afro-Brazilian buildings are not only in Benin,\u00a0they\u2019re actually\u00a0in Togo, Benin, Nigeria, and Ghana,\u201d said\u00a0Mokwete. \u201cSo\u00a0for us, the idea is of continuing that as a thread, almost like a network where we can map, digitize, and geolocate these buildings across the corridor from Togo to Ghana.\u201d\r\n\r\nFor both\u00a0Mokwete\u00a0and\u00a0Sanaie-Movahed, a significant aspect of the project has been the relationships their team has built in the local\u00a0community, and\u00a0seeing the impact the project has already had on the ground. When they went to survey Porto-Novo, they found a serious appetite for geospatial memory building."},{"acf_fc_layout":"image","image":773040,"image_position":"left","orientation":"vertical","hyperlink":""},{"acf_fc_layout":"content","content":"\u201cThere\u2019s just so much potential for impact in the African context,\u201d said\u00a0Mokwete. \u201cThere\u2019s\u00a0just so much that has not been done and has not been digitized and mapped.\u00a0There\u2019s\u00a0such a need and there are partners that are willing.\u201d\r\n\r\n\u201c[Residents] use the tool to see what is happening around them,\u201d added\u00a0Sanaie-Movahed. \u201cHow can you create a map that is not necessarily data heavy, but truly engaging for them? They can select something on a dashboard and then look through exactly the building that they are looking for. Select the schools or the universities, whatever we mapped. See the way the city urbanized. The colonial parts, the different architectural areas on the map. What is unique about this project is this transformation of the heritage of Benin from a static archival map to a living dynamic resource.\u201d"}],"references":null},"yoast_head":"\nMaps Are Memory | Spring 2026 | ArcUser<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Historically significant buildings are vanishing across West Africa. GIS and 3D modeling can digitally preserve the area\u2019s built heritage.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.esri.com\/about\/newsroom\/arcuser\/maps-are-memory\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Maps Are Memory\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Historically significant buildings are vanishing across West Africa. 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