{"id":74232,"date":"2018-11-07T15:25:50","date_gmt":"2018-11-07T23:25:50","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.esri.com\/about\/newsroom\/?post_type=arcwatch&p=74232"},"modified":"2018-11-07T15:25:50","modified_gmt":"2018-11-07T23:25:50","slug":"cities-hold-the-power-to-save-the-planet","status":"publish","type":"arcwatch","link":"https:\/\/www.esri.com\/about\/newsroom\/arcwatch\/cities-hold-the-power-to-save-the-planet","title":{"rendered":"Cities Hold the Power to Save the Planet"},"content":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"author":651,"featured_media":0,"menu_order":0,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"sync_status":"","episode_type":"","audio_file":"","castos_file_data":"","podmotor_file_id":"","cover_image":"","cover_image_id":"","duration":"","filesize":"","filesize_raw":"","date_recorded":"","explicit":"","block":"","itunes_episode_number":"","itunes_title":"","itunes_season_number":"","itunes_episode_type":"","footnotes":"","_links_to":"","_links_to_target":""},"categories":[],"tags":[],"arcwatch_issues":[38152],"class_list":["post-74232","arcwatch","type-arcwatch","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","arcwatch_issues-september-2017","arcwatch_sections-the-headlines"],"acf":{"short_description":"Physicist Geoffrey West says that, despite being a source of problems, cities generate innovation and thrive...","pdf":{"host_remotely":false,"file":null,"file_url":""},"flexible_content":[{"acf_fc_layout":"image","image":63572,"image_position":"right","orientation":"horizontal","hyperlink":""},{"acf_fc_layout":"content","content":"Theoretical physicist and author Dr. Geoffrey West says that he can deduce a wealth of information about a city from the size of its population.\r\n\r\n\"If you tell me the size of a city, I can tell you how long the roads are, how many police it has, how many cases of AIDS, how many patents it produced, how many murders occurred last year, and more, all to within 80 to 90 percent accuracy,\" said West, the keynote speaker at the\u00a02017 Esri User Conference<\/a>\u00a0(Esri UC).\r\n\r\nWest studies complex systems, ranging from living organisms to cities and companies, and what causes them to thrive or die. \"I think you're a special audience that can appreciate this work,\" Esri president Jack Dangermond told the crowd at the San Diego Convention Center.\r\n\r\nWest worked for decades as a theoretical physicist at Stanford University in California and Los Alamos National Laboratory in New Mexico. When the Superconducting Super Collider particle accelerator project, which he was working on, was canceled by Congress in 1993, it presented both a disappointment and an opportunity. It meant that many experiments and answers would be left unexplored, but it freed up West's cognitive bandwidth to search for fundamental laws that govern everything\u2014including cities.\r\n\r\nDuring his 50-minute presentation to more than 17,000 people, West spoke about the rapid urbanization of the world and the stress it puts on the social fabric of communities and resources\u2014for example, energy and water\u2014and materials such as concrete, copper, and titanium that are needed for infrastructure.\r\n\r\n\"The United States has become over 80 percent urbanized, and the planet itself is moving toward that 70 to 80 percent number by midcentury,\" said West, a distinguished professor and past president of Santa Fe Institute (SFI), a nonprofit theoretical research institute based in New Mexico.\r\n\r\nWith the global population at 7.3 billion, more than 3.6 billion people now live in urban areas. \"This extraordinary phenomenon of urbanization leads us to the idea that the whole fate of the planet\u2014in terms of human beings, at least\u2014is bound up in what happens to our cities,\" West said.\r\n\r\nWest has spent a portion of his career studying scaling, described in an article that he wrote in\u00a0Medium<\/em>\u00a0as \"how systems respond when their sizes change.\" He also authored a book about the subject, entitled\u00a0Scale: The Universal Laws of Growth, Innovation, Sustainability, and the Pace of Life in Organisms, Cities, Economies, and Companies<\/a><\/em>. The book proved to be popular at the Esri UC; for hours, people lined up to buy\u00a0Scale<\/em>\u00a0and have West sign their copies.\r\n\r\nWest told the Esri UC audience that the long-term sustainability of the planet is linked to cities despite their generating much of the crime, disease, global warming, climate changes, and other problems. Why? Because cities\u2014as the centers of business, education, culture, and finance\u2014attract people who come up with new ideas and solutions to problems.\r\n\r\n\"The most critical part of the city, obviously, [is] the people. The point of a city is to facilitate social interaction,\" West said. \"[So], on the one hand, cities and urbanization are the origin of the tsunami of problems that we face, but they are also the solution because cities have been the magnet, the vacuum cleaner that has sucked up people that do all the innovation.\"\r\n

Origins of Inquiry<\/h2>"},{"acf_fc_layout":"image","image":63612,"image_position":"right","orientation":"horizontal","hyperlink":""},{"acf_fc_layout":"content","content":"The contrast of urban and rural areas provides some context for West's inquiries regarding cities.\r\n\r\n\"In my very early days, I was about as rural as you could get,\" said West, in an interview he conducted after his Keynote Address. \"I was born in Taunton, Somerset, in the west of England.\"\r\n\r\nWest's family moved to London when he was 13, and the shift to an urban environment provided new opportunities for exploration.\r\n\r\n\"I used to go walking on the big chalk cliffs south of London and look across the English Channel,\" West said. \"On the horizon, I could see the ships getting smaller and smaller. Then, when I was learning trigonometry a few years later, I learned there was a formula that I could use to calculate how far away I could see. I thought, 'My God. This is powerful stuff.' The rest of my life, I have been trying to do that in some sense.\"\r\n\r\nWest sees a growing need for these guiding laws of science.\r\n\r\n\"Developing models and theories and trying to expose underlying principles are the way science has progressed,\" says West. \"With this onslaught of big data, it actually becomes more important to do that. Computer scientists and others say you don't need underlying principles anymore because the data speaks for itself. I think that's a dangerous position to take.\"\r\n

Connecting Networks<\/h2>\r\nWest broadened his outlook beyond physics when he joined SFI, where he teamed with the ecologist James H. Brown and his student Brian Enquist to understand macroecology. They shared the goal of seeing if it was possible to develop a large-scale statistical understanding of life that could be translated into mathematics.\r\n\r\nThis research began with Kleiber's law, which describes the metabolism of biological organisms. This scaling law states how the metabolic rate\u2014the amount of energy needed to stay alive\u2014is related to an organism's size. West and team discovered that the underlying driver for this and other power laws in biology was the constraints of the distribution networks.\r\n\r\nIn biological systems, the networks are the plants\u2019 and animals\u2019 vascular systems that deliver energy to cells. The networks set the pace and are constrained by scaling functions related to the size of the organism. The nature of the networks, and their common structure and dynamics, led West to a quantitative predictive theory that works with most animals and plants even though you could be comparing koalas to giraffes or a dandelion to a giant redwood tree.\r\n\r\nThe study of forests, for instance, revealed that the entire forest can be described mathematically and behaves structurally and functionally like a scaled version of the branching networks in the largest tree.\r\n\r\nCities are also made up of networks\u2014roads, pipes, wires, and conduits\u2014that connect and constrain our mobility, energy, and communications.\r\n\r\n\"I thought cities were quite boring when I was first tipped to look at them,\" says West. \"They turned out to be extraordinary, and it began to dawn on me that the future of the planet is tied to what happens in cities.\"\r\n

Profound Patterns<\/h2>\r\nWhat West uncovered, with an exhaustive examination of statistical inquiry, were patterns in cities that proved to be profound.\r\n\r\nLooking at details on both infrastructure and population, he and his team of researchers found scaling laws in cities that applied to the quantity and quality of life with predictability related to\r\n