{"id":297032,"date":"2020-01-07T06:47:28","date_gmt":"2020-01-07T14:47:28","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.esri.com\/about\/newsroom\/?post_type=blog&#038;p=297032"},"modified":"2024-05-10T14:35:42","modified_gmt":"2024-05-10T21:35:42","slug":"ocean-science-benefits-from-acoustic-models","status":"publish","type":"blog","link":"https:\/\/www.esri.com\/about\/newsroom\/blog\/ocean-science-benefits-from-acoustic-models","title":{"rendered":"Reveal: Ocean Scientists Study the Depths Through Sound"},"author":6192,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"sync_status":"","episode_type":"","audio_file":"","castos_file_data":"","podmotor_file_id":"","cover_image":"","cover_image_id":"","duration":"","filesize":"","filesize_raw":"","date_recorded":"","explicit":"","block":"","itunes_episode_number":"","itunes_title":"","itunes_season_number":"","itunes_episode_type":"","_links_to":"","_links_to_target":""},"categories":[15412],"tags":[407822,209322,1191,21912],"industry":[],"esri-blog-category":[478392],"esri_blog_department":[478172],"class_list":["post-297032","blog","type-blog","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-oceans","tag-acoustics","tag-ocean-science","tag-research","tag-reveal","esri-blog-category-ocean","esri_blog_department-mapping"],"acf":{"video_source":"","video_start":"","video_stop":"","short_description":"Applied Ocean Sciences uses GIS to inform and distribute its acoustical modeling work, providing scientists and mariners with new understanding.","pdf":{"host_remotely":false,"file":"","file_url":""},"flexible_content":[{"acf_fc_layout":"content","content":"<h2 style=\"text-align: center;\"><em>Seeing the Ocean Means Hearing It<\/em><\/h2>"},{"acf_fc_layout":"sidebar","layout":"standard","image_reference":null,"image_reference_figure":"","spotlight_image":null,"section_title":"","spotlight_name":"","position":"Right","content":"The truest way to understand the ocean in its entirety could be through sound, and acoustic propagation models within GIS have many uses to improve understanding of dark ocean depths.\r\n\r\nKey Takeaways\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Acousticians apply mathematics and technology to study sound wave movement across landscapes.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Maps and models show ocean sound travel and help scientists \"see\" the seafloor.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Adding GIS, scientists deliver visualization for stronger communication and understanding.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>","snippet":""},{"acf_fc_layout":"content","content":"Contrary to its reputation as a peaceful, meditative realm, the undersea world is a nonstop sonic party. Oceanographers call it the marine soundscape.\r\n\r\nSo what's the best way to understand an important phenomenon like El Ni\u00f1o? Scientists are finding that the answer is to listen closely.\r\n\r\nEl Ni\u00f1o\u2014the interaction between the atmosphere and warm regions of the Pacific Ocean, usually occurring around December\u2014makes an enormous impact on global weather. Predicting that effect is notoriously difficult.\r\n\r\n\"Billions of kilojoules of energy in warm water sloshing back and forth across the Pacific can cause droughts and famines and floods and entire economies to collapse,\" Chris Verlinden said. \"But we can't even say if it's going to happen, because we just don't know the ocean well enough.\"\r\n\r\nVerlinden, an oceanographer and acoustician, is the chief technology officer for Applied Ocean Sciences (AOS). He and his colleagues study how sound behaves in the ocean, both as natural occurring events and as incursions from the outside world. That means they can determine whether a US Navy ship at one spot on the ocean will \"hear\" a submarine through sonar sounding\u2014and also what influence sonar will have on sea life.\r\n\r\nAOS scientists construct models to better understand undersea sound behavior. \"Whether you're the Coast Guard monitoring an area for illegal fishing or a marine biologist who hears a whale call and wants to know where it is, you need to know what the noise is and where, and to discover that you need to do acoustic simulations,\" Verlinden said."},{"acf_fc_layout":"image","image":297192,"image_position":"center","orientation":"horizontal","hyperlink":""},{"acf_fc_layout":"content","content":"<h3><strong>A Dive into the Marine Soundscape<\/strong><\/h3>\r\nA <a href=\"https:\/\/acousticstoday.org\/computational-acoustics-in-oceanography-the-research-roles-of-sound-field-simulations-timothy-f-duda-julien-bonnel-emanuel-coelho-and-kevin-d-heaney\/\">recent scientific paper<\/a>, coauthored by Kevin Heaney, president of AOS, listed a few contributors to the marine soundscape: animals (from shrimp to whales), earthquakes, storms, icebergs, submarines, ships, and turbines. \"Even silent things, such as a piece of muddy seabed or a parcel of warm water, may affect the soundscape, because they affect sound propagation,\" the paper states.\r\n\r\nThere's also the wind. The ambient whoosh you hear while snorkeling or scuba diving \"is actually the accumulating wind noise from breaking waves, tens or even hundreds of kilometers away,\" Verlinden said.\r\n\r\n<strong>Sonic Truth<\/strong>\r\n\r\nThe truest way to understand the ocean in its entirety could be through sound. The behavior of sound as it travels through the water is affected by salinity, temperature, pressure, and the condition of the ocean floor. Careful acoustic analysis can determine the values of those variables.\r\n\r\n\"You really can't 'see' the ocean,\" Verlinden said. \"Radiofrequency electromagnetic radiation doesn't propagate. You can't use lidar. You can't use radar. You can't use cameras for more than a few tens of meters. But you can understand the ocean and interact with the ocean entirely through sound.\"\r\n\r\nVerlinden thinks acoustic analysis could eventually unlock the El Ni\u00f1o enigma. Through the work of organizations like the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), hydrophones\u2014underwater devices that gather acoustic data\u2014are proliferating around the world. A large-enough hydrophone network could, in effect, give the ocean a full-body physical exam and diagnose its condition.\r\n\r\n\"There's nothing in the laws of physics or mathematics that says El Ni\u00f1o is an intractable problem,\" Verlinden said. \"If we could measure the whole ocean everywhere, it's not crazy to think that someday we could predict El Ni\u00f1o\u2019s effects.\""},{"acf_fc_layout":"gallery","gallery_images":[297182,297172,297162]},{"acf_fc_layout":"content","content":"<h3><strong>Sight and Sound<\/strong><\/h3>\r\nSound is, by definition, an abstract concept. Yet Verlinden and his team wanted a way to display their data in a way nonexperts could grasp. They used geographic information system (GIS) software to construct visual maps of ocean sonics. For the many AOS clients who already use GIS, the technology also provides a seamless way to share and transfer information.\r\n\r\n\"Acoustics is a really specialized field and not something that's accessible to all ocean science disciplines,\" said Sarah Rosenthal, AOS's GIS expert. \"By lowering the barrier of entry to using high fidelity ocean acoustics models, we broaden its scope. You can really start to see a whole picture of what's going on right now or even predict future environmental conditions underwater.\"\r\n\r\nThe addition of GIS to the applied scientific and mathematical work at AOS is opening new opportunities for analysis and communication for the organization.\r\n\r\n\"Our math is very good, and we're proud of it, but that's where our expertise ends, except for Sarah,\" Verlinden said. \"Sarah's been teaching us that communicating the results of what we're doing is one thing that GIS is good at. The way to actually deliver our math to the people who need it to do good things, like NOAA, is to put it in a platform they already have\u2014GIS.\"\r\n<h3><strong>Good Sound and Bad<\/strong><\/h3>\r\nIt was the controversy and confusion surrounding potentially damaging effects of the US Navy's use of sonar that first drew Verlinden to study the problem, and eventually led him to become a Navy acoustician. In its work with the defense community, AOS promotes passive sensor methods, which involve no interference with the ocean\u2014as opposed to active sonar, which requires emitting a signal.\r\n\r\n\"I am the most ardent conservationist you'll ever meet, but I was in the military for 15 years,\" he said. \"I don\u2019t find those pursuits to be incompatible. When I was 25 years old and became aware of the controversy surrounding active Navy sonar, I had two choices. I could say, 'Boycott the Navy!' But the Navy is never going to <em>not<\/em> need to find submarines as part of its important mission set. Or I could spend five years of my life creating a passive localization algorithm that works just as well, making those other methods obsolete.\"\r\n\r\nAOS's passive methods are often applied to data gathered by hydrophones, yielding a nuanced refinement of existing models for understanding ocean sonics.\r\n\r\nHeaney, AOS president, offered the example of large vessels and the effect they have on migrating whales and other sea creatures. Maps depicting shipping lanes tell an incomplete story. \"When you actually figure out the acoustics, you realize there are no 'thin lines' in the ocean,\" he said. \"Sound isn't confined to those shipping lanes. The ocean is impacted <em>everywhere<\/em> by those ships going by.\"\r\n\r\nThe simple formulas that calculate the effect of underwater pile driver operations are another cautionary tale. \"They don't account for how much energy is absorbed by the sea bottom or reflected off the top or being refracted around islands,\" Verlinden explained.\r\n\r\nSometimes the hydrophones yield sonic Easter eggs\u2014like the time Verlinden and his team stumbled onto the secret language of walruses.\r\n\r\n\"It turns out walruses make this noise to communicate,\" Verlinden said. \"Nobody had ever heard it\u2014and we weren't even trying to find it!\"\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\nLearn more about the use of <a href=\"https:\/\/www.esri.com\/en-us\/arcgis\/products\/arcgis-for-maritime-charting\/overview\">GIS for maritime charting and navigation<\/a>."},{"acf_fc_layout":"image","image":297202,"image_position":"center","orientation":"horizontal","hyperlink":""},{"acf_fc_layout":"sidebar","layout":"standard","image_reference":null,"image_reference_figure":"","spotlight_image":null,"section_title":"","spotlight_name":"","position":"Center","content":"<h2><strong>IoT in the Ocean<\/strong><\/h2>\r\n\"The ocean is a data problem,\" says Kevin Heaney, president of Applied Ocean Sciences. Understanding it in all its complexity requires innovative ways to gather data and analyze it.\r\n\r\nFor underwater analysis, AOS's work is aided by a growing international network of hydrophones that collect sound data. \"The Internet of Things [IoT] is moving into the ocean,\" Heaney said. \"I think in 10 or 15 years, there will be a thousand hydrophones on the planet, all connected to the internet. And then you'll have the opportunity to do passive global monitoring.\"\r\n\r\nAOS's GIS models require a complete sense of all the ship traffic moving through the ocean. AOS partners with Spire Global, a satellite company that gathers and repackages the automatic identification system (AIS) data that every large oceangoing vessel transmits to provide real-time location information.\r\n\r\n\"We'll track every ship on the ocean,\" says Alexander (Sandy) MacDonald, director of weather at Spire Global. \"We can produce a picture of 20 million ship observations for one day. It's pretty dazzling.\"\r\n\r\nBy adding ship location data to the company's GIS observations, AOS scientists can visualize the noise from every ship, as it happens. They can calculate exactly how loud it is everywhere in the ocean, taking the guesswork out of determining, for example, whether one whale can hear another whale.\r\n\r\n\"Now we can model every ship in the world all at once, which is something that nobody has ever even <em>conceived<\/em> of doing,\" Verlinden said.\r\n\r\nAdditionally, wind data goes into AOS's calculations.","snippet":""}],"references":null},"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v25.9 (Yoast SEO v25.9) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>Reveal: Ocean Scientists Study the Depths Through Sound<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Applied Ocean Sciences uses GIS to inform and distribute its acoustical modeling work, providing scientists and mariners with new inputs to reduce impacts.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" 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