{"id":301772,"date":"2020-01-21T07:54:56","date_gmt":"2020-01-21T15:54:56","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.esri.com\/about\/newsroom\/?post_type=blog&#038;p=301772"},"modified":"2024-03-06T13:38:20","modified_gmt":"2024-03-06T21:38:20","slug":"colombia-remaps-land-for-peace","status":"publish","type":"blog","link":"https:\/\/www.esri.com\/about\/newsroom\/blog\/colombia-remaps-land-for-peace","title":{"rendered":"Colombia: How Mapping Land Rights Advances Peace"},"author":5232,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"sync_status":"","episode_type":"","audio_file":"","podmotor_file_id":"","podmotor_episode_id":"","castos_file_data":"","cover_image":"","cover_image_id":"","duration":"","filesize":"","filesize_raw":"","date_recorded":"","explicit":"","block":"","itunes_episode_number":"","itunes_title":"","itunes_season_number":"","itunes_episode_type":"","_links_to":"","_links_to_target":""},"categories":[91],"tags":[415522,331762,271,415532],"industry":[],"esri-blog-category":[478492],"esri_blog_department":[478172],"class_list":["post-301772","blog","type-blog","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-mapping","tag-cadaster","tag-colombia","tag-mapping","tag-peace","esri-blog-category-land-records","esri_blog_department-mapping"],"acf":{"video_source":"","video_start":"","video_stop":"","short_description":"Colombians in rural post conflict areas gain stability from the recognition of ownership to their land for the first time.","pdf":{"host_remotely":false,"file":"","file_url":""},"flexible_content":[{"acf_fc_layout":"sidebar","layout":"standard","image_reference":null,"image_reference_figure":"","spotlight_image":null,"section_title":"","spotlight_name":"","position":"Right","content":"Key Takeaways\r\n\r\nColombians in rural post-conflict areas gain stability from the recognition of ownership to their land for the first time through a simplified approach to surveying.\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Colombia maps land rights as part of the peace process.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Landowners walk fence lines using mobile apps to record property boundaries, and collect ownership information at the same time.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Government recognition of land rights brings legal security and upward economic mobility.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>","snippet":""},{"acf_fc_layout":"content","content":"By the time the Colombian government and the Revolutionary Armed Force of Colombia (FARC) finally brokered a peace agreement in 2016, their 50-year-old civil war had claimed 260,000 lives.\r\n\r\nLand reform was always at the heart of the conflict. As in many Latin American countries, most land in Colombia is concentrated among an elite group. Just 14 percent of all landowners control <a href=\"https:\/\/www-cdn.oxfam.org\/s3fs-public\/file_attachments\/rr-divide-and-purchase-land-concentration-colombia-270913-en_0.pdf\">80 percent of the land<\/a>, a strong indicator of inequality.\r\n\r\nDuring the war, some rural areas were effectively cut off from the rest of the country, as government troops, paramilitary groups, and the FARC fought over territory. So many people were driven from their land over the years that today Colombia\u2019s displaced population\u2014nearly 8 million\u2014is the world\u2019s largest.\r\n\r\nEven for rural Colombians who have remained on their land, property rights are highly contingent in the post-conflict era. People who possess small plots of land have no official recognition of their ownership, or even the exact dimension of their plots.\r\n\r\n\u201cWithout having a proper land administration system in place, the government doesn\u2019t know about the relationships between the people and the land in these post-conflict areas,\u201d said Chrit Lemmen, a professor of geoinformation science at the University of Twente, in the Netherlands. \u201cThat\u2019s why it\u2019s so important to make a full inventory and hand out titles whenever possible. These people have suffered for a long time\u2014and now they\u2019re waiting for the government to formalize their land.\u201d"},{"acf_fc_layout":"image","image":301862,"image_position":"center","orientation":"horizontal","hyperlink":""},{"acf_fc_layout":"content","content":"<h3><strong>Peace and Land After War<\/strong><\/h3>\r\nThe contemporary state of land rights reveals much about post-conflict Colombia.\r\n\r\nRegularization\u2014a term referring to how land owners get their ownership rights legally recognized\u2014is a pillar of the peace agreement. \u00a0\u201cA substantial part of the document involves implementing a new land administration system that grants land rights nationwide,\u201d said Lemmen, who also advises Kadaster International, the international arm of the Netherlands\u2019 official Land Registry and Mapping Agency. \u201cIt\u2019s seen as a way to bring peace to the country.\u201d\r\n\r\nThe Netherland\u2019s <a href=\"https:\/\/thespindle.org\/project\/land-in-peace\/\">Land In Peace<\/a> project is a joint effort with the Colombian government to survey, map, and register small rural plots. The scale is massive. Cumaribo, just one of the municipalities covered by the project, is home to the indigenous Guahibo people. It alone covers an area 1.6 times the size of the Netherlands.\r\n\r\n\u201cA couple of years ago, the official estimate was four million parcels that need to be regularized,\u201d said Mathilde Molendijk, Kadaster\u2019s regional manager for Latin America. \u201cThe real number now is at least 12 million, and probably several millions more. Only five percent of the country\u2019s land has an up-to-date cadaster, and nearly 30 percent has never even been part of a cadaster. So this is a huge task for the Colombian government.\u201d\r\n\r\nTo regularize a parcel of land, surveyors must create a cadastral map that delineates the boundaries and borders. Cadastral surveying is usually a painstaking process. A complete survey of even a small piece of land in rough terrain can take up to a week. With 12 million parcels, finishing the job in under a century would require 2,000 full-time surveyors.\r\n\r\nThe economic cost is even more prohibitive. \u201cIn many African and Latin American countries, a conventional survey could be a year\u2019s income for poor people,\u201d Lemmen said. \u201cThe measurement of the parcel can be worth more than the parcel itself. If you follow the usual accuracy requirements, you have a system that\u2019s only for the elite. I think it should be there for everyone.\u201d"},{"acf_fc_layout":"image","image":301852,"image_position":"center","orientation":"horizontal","hyperlink":""},{"acf_fc_layout":"content","content":"<h3><strong>Revolutionizing Surveying<\/strong><\/h3>\r\nIn lieu of traditional methods, the Colombian <a href=\"https:\/\/www.esri.com\/en-us\/capabilities\/mapping\/overview\">mapping program<\/a> uses fit-for-purpose (FFP) surveying. A conventional cadaster strives for centimeter-level accuracy. FFP surveys operate on the principle that the perfect is the enemy of the good. Completing an FFP survey requires little more than access to a geographic information system (GIS) app running on a mobile device and when appropriate connecting to an external GPS device.\r\n\r\nConventional cadastral surveying establishes borders based on predetermined requirements such as the measurement of isolated points. FFP\u2019s foundation is the \u201cpolygon,\u201d GIS-speak for the shapes and blobs on maps we recognize as representing distinct real-world features, such as lakes, parks, or streets and parcels that are often delineated by physical boundaries such as hedgerows and fences.\r\n\r\nFor the Colombian <a href=\"http:\/\/www.landinpeace.com\/\">Land in Peace<\/a> project, the polygons are the parcels of land that already exist. Partly identifiable from satellite imagery, they become what the program\u2019s proof-of-concept paper calls \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/www.gim-international.com\/content\/article\/light-mobile-collection-tools-for-land-administration\">evidence from the field<\/a>.\u201d\r\n\r\nThe FFP methodology does not require surveying expertise. Representatives from the Colombian government and the mapping program usually begin by identifying villages with unregistered parcels. Many villages have a Community Action Board (<em>Junta de Acci\u00f3n Comunal<\/em>), a legally recognized local governing body. \u201cWe work a lot with the village\u2019s board, so they know we\u2019re coming,\u201d Molendijk explains. \u201cWe discuss the idea and whether they really want to measure their parcels. And they always do.\u201d\r\n\r\nAfter studying satellite imagery, the team and the villagers make a general plan for mapping the parcels in and around the village. Team members then organize short training sessions for the mobile GIS app. \u201cThe smartphone app is designed so everyone can use it, but younger people understand it very fast,\u201d Molendijk said. \u201cWe explain to them how the connection works with the GPS antenna. And then, together with the farmers, they go to the parcel and measure the land. They also collect any accompanying documentation that connects the farmer to the land. And in about three days, we\u2019ve measured the whole village.\u201d"},{"acf_fc_layout":"youtube","youtube_video_url":"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=pM9WBVzXSEI&feature=youtu.be"},{"acf_fc_layout":"content","content":"<h3><strong>Reaching Consensus<\/strong><\/h3>\r\nWhile the data-gatherers walk the perimeter of a parcel, the app gathers the data and draws the boundaries. As people from adjoining parcels do the same, the program begins to build boundary lines, initially displayed in black.\r\n\r\n\u201cIt goes very fast,\u201d Lemmen said. \u201cAs the people walk the polygons, you get observations from both sides of the boundaries. So each individual boundary is observed from two positions by two different people. And if those boundaries are within a certain tolerance, then you can assume agreement on the location.\u201d\r\n\r\nThe app uploads the data to the cloud for storage and processing. At public meetings, the villagers examine the entire map. If neighbors on adjacent parcels agree on the measurements, the borders go from black to green.\r\n\r\n\u201cIn the end, we hope all the lines are green, but if people don\u2019t agree, the line displays as red,\u201d Molendijk said. \u201cOnce we have all the information, the government should be able to process land titles.\u201d\r\n\r\n\u201cIt\u2019s kind of a magic trick,\u201d Lemmen added. \u201cThe wonderful thing is that they have a lot of confidence in the measurements because they do it themselves. And with the equipment, they can see every click on the screen and watch the parcel build up. At the end, they are very happy to see the polygon of their parcel.\u201d\r\n\r\nEven when the surveys yield dimensions at variance with a farmer\u2019s informal deed of purchase, Molendijk has found the discrepancies rarely create new conflicts. \u201cSince the farmers measure the parcels themselves, and can see it happening on their smart phones, they trust their data, even if the result is a parcel that is smaller,\u201d she said.\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\nLearn more about Esri solutions for <a href=\"https:\/\/solutions.arcgis.com\/local-government\/land-records\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">land records<\/a>."},{"acf_fc_layout":"image","image":301872,"image_position":"center","orientation":"horizontal","hyperlink":""},{"acf_fc_layout":"sidebar","layout":"standard","image_reference":null,"image_reference_figure":"","spotlight_image":null,"section_title":"","spotlight_name":"","position":"Center","content":"<h2><strong>Recording Land Titles to Promote Peace<\/strong><\/h2>\r\nColombia\u2019s cadastral mapping effort began in 2015 with a proof-of-concept exercise in Tenjo, a town outside of the country\u2019s capital city, Bogot\u00e1. The team then moved into the hinterlands, beginning with Apartad\u00f3 and Vista Hermosa, two sites with heavy symbolic value in post-conflict Colombia.\r\n\r\nVista Hermosa, a town in Colombia\u2019s interior, was subject to brutal battles between the government and FARC in the early 2000\u2019s. The municipality of Apartad\u00f3, on the Caribbean coast near the country\u2019s border with Panama, was the site of numerous atrocities committed during the decades of conflict. Every family has lost daughters, sons, parents and other loved ones.\r\n\r\nFor the surveying project, the Colombian government collaborates with Kadaster, the Netherlands\u2019 official Cadastre, Registry and National Mapping Agency. Dutch Prime Minister Mark Rutte joined Colombian officials in Apartad\u00f3 to hand out the first 17 land titles in 2018. \u201cThe prime minister\u2019s visit opened doors for us at the highest levels,\u201d said Mathilde Molendijk, Kadaster\u2019s regional manager for Latin America. \u201cThe Colombian government became very interested in our app and methodology. From our field experience, we were able to advise them on practical FFP solutions. Because of the new focus on smart automatization, a land title no longer requires 250 legal pages and 47 official signatures, as it did before. I am particularly happy with the focus on serving the people\u2014 the beneficiaries\u2014 instead of internal governmental bureaucracy and the flexibility of the precision requirements for field measurements.\r\n\r\n\u201cFor the people living in these areas, sometimes FARC was the boss and sometimes it was the paramilitary or other groups,\u201d said Chrit Lemmen, a professor of geoinformation science at the University of Twente. \u201cIn some of the places where we\u2019ve worked, people had been living on their land for 30 years without government recognition. It\u2019s such a basic thing to have a piece of land where you can live with your family. And if protection of those rights is enforced, you feel more secure.\u201d\r\n\r\n\u201cI\u2019ve talked to people from Colombia\u2019s Ministry of Defense,\u201d Molendijk added. \u201cThey say \u2018you can\u2019t have peace without a land title\u2014give the people titles and then you\u2019ll have peace.\u2019\u201d","snippet":""}],"references":null},"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v25.9 (Yoast SEO v25.9) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>Colombia Cadaster Remaps Land to Cement Peace<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Mobile apps greatly speed Colombia\u2019s land reform efforts, working quickly to stabilize peace by recording rights to the land.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.esri.com\/about\/newsroom\/blog\/colombia-remaps-land-for-peace\" \/>\n<meta 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