{"id":441922,"date":"2021-06-30T07:07:39","date_gmt":"2021-06-30T14:07:39","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.esri.com\/about\/newsroom\/?post_type=blog&#038;p=441922"},"modified":"2022-04-03T19:49:08","modified_gmt":"2022-04-04T02:49:08","slug":"charles-lee-environmental-justice-leader","status":"publish","type":"blog","link":"https:\/\/www.esri.com\/about\/newsroom\/blog\/charles-lee-environmental-justice-leader","title":{"rendered":"Charles Lee: Environmental Justice Leader Uses Maps to Reveal Injustices"},"author":6771,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"sync_status":"","episode_type":"","audio_file":"","podmotor_file_id":"","podmotor_episode_id":"","castos_file_data":"","cover_image":"","cover_image_id":"","duration":"","filesize":"","filesize_raw":"","date_recorded":"","explicit":"","block":"","itunes_episode_number":"","itunes_title":"","itunes_season_number":"","itunes_episode_type":"","_links_to":"","_links_to_target":""},"categories":[461441],"tags":[157952,475172,271,475022],"industry":[],"esri-blog-category":[478462],"esri_blog_department":[478192],"class_list":["post-441922","blog","type-blog","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-equity-social-justice","tag-environment","tag-health-impacts","tag-mapping","tag-toxic-waste","esri-blog-category-viewpoint","esri_blog_department-gis-for-good"],"acf":{"video_source":"","video_start":"","video_stop":"","short_description":"Charles Lee was on the ground floor of the environmental justice movement, creating maps to show the insidious health impacts on people of color.","pdf":{"host_remotely":false,"file":"","file_url":""},"flexible_content":[{"acf_fc_layout":"sidebar","layout":"standard","image_reference":null,"image_reference_figure":"","spotlight_image":null,"section_title":"","spotlight_name":"","position":"Right","content":"Activists in communities find power in maps to explore the data and show how poor environmental oversight\u2014and environmental racism\u2014continue to impact health and longevity in communities of color.\r\n\r\nKey Takeaways\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Smart mapping with GIS proves an imperative tool across environmental justice initiatives.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Leaders share maps showing where environmental risks unfairly impact communities of color.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Activists use GIS to engage stakeholders on regulations, policy, and other equity solutions.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>","snippet":""},{"acf_fc_layout":"content","content":"When Charles Lee first explored the topic of environmental justice in the early 1980s, he was in uncharted territory. \u201cThe whole notion that there are certain people who are disproportionately affected by environmental harms was something that nobody thought about,\u201d said Lee, currently a senior adviser for environmental justice at the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). \u201cIt was prevalent, but nobody knew what to call it. It didn\u2019t have a name.\u201d\r\n\r\nOne reason for the disconnect was that modern environmentalism, which gained force in the 1960s, was mostly committed to issues around wildlife and conservation, with little attention paid to issues of equity and social justice. \u201cPeople in the environmental movement said, \u2018We\u2019re all colorblind,\u2019\u201d Lee said. \u201cThat was the dominant ethos.\u201d\r\n\r\nAt the same time, the modern civil rights movement was focused on racial disparities in education, employment, and economic advancement. And so, as they had throughout the 1970s, the two movements still occupied separate political universes.\r\n<h3><strong>Environmentalism and Civil Rights<\/strong><\/h3>\r\nToday, experts have repeatedly established the link between environmental and equity issues. Communities of color disproportionately bear the consequences of excess pollutants and contaminated soil and water, including higher-than-average rates of diseases ranging from asthma to cardiovascular to cancer as well as birth defects and other health disorders. Scientists, policymakers, and activists often bolster the case by using geographic information system (GIS) technology, creating interactive fact-based maps to bring the issue into stark relief."},{"acf_fc_layout":"gallery","gallery_images":[441962,441972,441982]},{"acf_fc_layout":"content","content":"But the struggle continues. Early in 2021, activists in Chicago staged a 28-day hunger strike to protest the proposal to relocate a metal-scrapping facility to the city\u2019s South Side. The industrial process, they pointed out, creates the kind of air particles that cause health problems such as asthma.\r\n\r\nThe activism in Chicago recalls the seminal moment in the history of environmental justice that galvanized people like Lee. In 1982, protests <a href=\"https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/climate-environment\/interactive\/2021\/environmental-justice-race\/\">erupted<\/a> in Warren County, North Carolina, over a plan, supported by the state\u2019s governor, to dump thousands of tons of contaminated soil in a low-income, predominantly Black neighborhood.\r\n\r\nFor six weeks, the protests made international news. Although the demonstrations were ultimately unsuccessful in blocking the plan, they represented a critical union of environmentalism and civil rights advocacy, helping create the modern environmental justice movement.\r\n<h3><strong>Toxic Waste: A National Problem<\/strong><\/h3>\r\nIn the aftermath of Warren County, the US Government Accountability Office (GAO) examined the demographics of hazardous-waste sites in the southeastern part of the country. The subsequent study revealed that three out of four sites were in Black-majority counties."},{"acf_fc_layout":"quote","image":441992,"text":"The possibility that these patterns resulted by chance is virtually impossible.","author_name":"Charles Lee","author_profession_organization":"US EPA"},{"acf_fc_layout":"content","content":"When the study was released, Lee was directing a project on environmental hazards in areas where low-income communities and people of color lived. Lee was working with the United Church of Christ\u2019s Commission for Racial Justice, which had played an active role in the Warren County protests. The GAO study confirmed for him the widespread problem linking disempowered communities and hazardous waste sites.\r\n\r\n\u201cI was discovering more examples of how communities of color\u2014from urban areas to reservations to the farm workers\u2014were affected by environmental hazards,\u201d he said. \u201cI realized that if you could replicate the GAO study on a national level, that could really put the issue on the map.\u201d\r\n<h3><strong>Mapping Evidence of Environmental Racism<\/strong><\/h3>\r\nFor the next several years, Lee set out to gather as much data as feasible, using maps to illuminate the racial disparities. The resultant landmark report, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ucc.org\/what-we-do\/justice-local-church-ministries\/justice\/faithful-action-ministries\/environmental-justice\/environmental-ministries_toxic-waste-20\/\">\u00a0<em>Toxic Wastes and Race in the United States<\/em><\/a>, published in 1987, soon became the founding document of the environmental justice movement.\r\n\r\nWorking from a definition of racism as being \u201cracial prejudice backed by power,\u201d Lee\u2019s team revealed, with extensive empirical evidence, just how much power was at stake. The report quoted an EPA estimate that the total cost of ameliorating the country\u2019s thousands of uncontrolled toxic-waste sites could exceed $100 billion (adjusted for inflation, over one percent of the current US GDP).\r\n\r\nLee\u2019s team found that 3 out of 5 Black and Hispanic Americans lived in communities near these sites, as did 2 million residents of Asian and Pacific island heritage and 700,000 Native American communities. This enormously expensive problem overwhelmingly showed up in the communities least equipped with the political and economic tools to demand a solution.\r\n\r\nLee\u2019s team also discovered a strong correlation between the percentage of people of color in a community and the amount or volume of active hazardous-waste facilities. Race proved to be the most significant factor in predicting the location of the facilities.\r\n\r\n\u201cThe possibility that these patterns resulted by chance,\u201d Lee wrote, \u201cis virtually impossible.\u201d\r\n<h3><strong>\"Something You Can\u2019t Contest\"<\/strong><\/h3>\r\nEnvironmental justice is fundamentally a matter of race and place, making geography fundamental to the solution. Practitioners must examine the connection between communities and their environments\u2014the land people live on and the air they breathe. Maps turned out to be the most potent way to demonstrate these connections.\r\n\r\nThe rise of the environmental justice movement has coincided with the increase in capabilities and accessibility of GIS software that can process, aggregate, and display these connections on smart maps.\r\n\r\n\u201cThe maps in <em>Toxic Wastes and Race<\/em> were all hand drawn,\u201d Lee said. \u201cGIS existed, but it was way beyond our means to get access to it.\u201d\r\n\r\nAs GIS has become more commonplace, it has also become integral to thousands of environmental justice projects. It helps bolster arguments while also making evidence easier to communicate.\r\n\r\n\u201cIf you talk to people who do community organizing with [GIS], they say what makes it so powerful is that it puts the issue in front of people as something you can\u2019t contest,\u201d he explained. \u201cIt gets people excited about talking about these issues, because it makes it so real.\u201d\r\n\r\nTai Lung, a geographer who oversees the EPA\u2019s environmental justice mapping and screening tools, agreed. \u201cBeing able to put GIS in the hands of people really democratizes the information,\u201d said Lung, whose work was noted in the Justice40 Initiative . \u201cThere are communities that have lived in polluted conditions for decades, and they\u2019ve often been ignored. But now they can come back and say \u2018Look, we have all this data that we can pull from this really handy tool.\u2019\u201d"},{"acf_fc_layout":"image","image":442002,"image_position":"center","orientation":"horizontal","hyperlink":"https:\/\/www.epa.gov\/ejscreen"},{"acf_fc_layout":"content","content":"<h3><strong>Critical Challenges Ahead<\/strong><\/h3>\r\nEnvironmental justice experts also found GIS useful as a means of providing a crucial temporal aspect to data, illuminating the historical entrenchment of equity-related problems. Lee pointed to the <a href=\"https:\/\/dsl.richmond.edu\/panorama\/redlining\">Mapping Inequality<\/a>project developed by the University of Richmond, Johns Hopkins University, and Virginia Tech University in 2016. The project uses real estate <a href=\"https:\/\/www.esri.com\/arcgis-blog\/products\/arcgis-living-atlas\/announcements\/redlining-data-now-in-arcgis-living-atlas\/\">redlining<\/a> maps from the 1930s and 1940s to show how the neglect of certain neighborhoods is <a href=\"https:\/\/www.arcgis.com\/home\/item.html?id=ef0f926eb1b146d082c38cc35b53c947\">rooted<\/a> in discriminatory real estate practices.\r\n\r\nDuring the pandemic, epidemiologists used GIS to understand the spread of COVID-19, while environmental justice advocates used the technology to communicate related <a href=\"https:\/\/www.esri.com\/arcgis-blog\/products\/arcgis-online\/health\/racially-equitable-covid-19-response-using-gis\/\">response disparities<\/a>.\r\n\r\nThis innovation may ultimately prove to be how GIS can most help the environmental justice movement, by underlining the unnatural aspect of the impact of natural disasters.\r\n\r\n\u201cNatural disasters are always going to happen,\u201d Lung said. \u201cBut who\u2019s going to be impacted the worst? The people in the low-lying areas of <a href=\"https:\/\/www.esri.com\/about\/newsroom\/blog\/smart-cities-greenspace-analysis\/\">New Orleans<\/a> will get flooded\u2014not the people in the Garden District. And mapping gives you a way to layer on demographic information and say, \u2018This is where the Black folks live.\u2019 You can layer it all together and see direct correlation between all the data.\u201d\r\n\r\nLee echoed Lung\u2019s assertion and underscored how maps continue to support the mission.\r\n\r\n\u201cEnvironmental justice is proving to be an increasingly powerful lens to understand a lot of the critical challenges of the 21<sup>st<\/sup> century,\u201d Lee said. \u201cGIS can help shape the conversation in ways that engage people, helping them to identify solutions.\u201d\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\nVisit the <a href=\"https:\/\/gis-for-racialequity.hub.arcgis.com\/\">Racial Equity GIS Hub<\/a> to learn more about how GIS users from around the world use the technology to address racial inequities."}],"references":null},"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v25.9 (Yoast SEO v25.9) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ 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