{"id":451542,"date":"2021-08-26T07:13:48","date_gmt":"2021-08-26T14:13:48","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.esri.com\/about\/newsroom\/?post_type=blog&#038;p=451542"},"modified":"2025-04-01T13:06:03","modified_gmt":"2025-04-01T20:06:03","slug":"seeing-near-real-time-earth-changes","status":"publish","type":"blog","link":"https:\/\/www.esri.com\/about\/newsroom\/blog\/seeing-near-real-time-earth-changes","title":{"rendered":"Reveal: Seeing Near Real-time Changes on Earth with New AI Map"},"author":7552,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"sync_status":"","episode_type":"","audio_file":"","podmotor_file_id":"","podmotor_episode_id":"","castos_file_data":"","cover_image":"","cover_image_id":"","duration":"","filesize":"","filesize_raw":"","date_recorded":"","explicit":"","block":"","itunes_episode_number":"","itunes_title":"","itunes_season_number":"","itunes_episode_type":"","_links_to":"","_links_to_target":""},"categories":[551],"tags":[482772,475572,12662,21912,396372],"industry":[],"esri-blog-category":[478542],"esri_blog_department":[478172],"class_list":["post-451542","blog","type-blog","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-imagery","tag-ai-ml","tag-land-cover","tag-remote-sensing","tag-reveal","tag-satellite-imagery","esri-blog-category-reveal","esri_blog_department-mapping"],"acf":{"video_source":"","video_start":"","video_stop":"","short_description":"Advancements in satellites, sensors, mapping, and artificial intelligence mean we can gain a global update of land-cover change within days.","pdf":{"host_remotely":false,"file":"","file_url":""},"flexible_content":[{"acf_fc_layout":"sidebar","layout":"standard","image_reference":null,"image_reference_figure":"","spotlight_image":null,"section_title":"","spotlight_name":"","position":"Right","content":"Open data and a partnership between Esri, Impact Observatory, and Microsoft have yielded a repeatable global snapshot of land-cover change.\r\n\r\n<strong>Key Takeaways<\/strong>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Using AI, a new high-resolution land-cover map representing the world as it was in 2020 was produced in days, not months.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>The deep learning program was able to recognize and categorize 10 types of land cover quicker than humans could have.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>The pace and resolution offer an opportunity for near real-time observations of the earth\u2019s land cover and the impacts that climate change and humans may be having on the planet.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>","snippet":""},{"acf_fc_layout":"content","content":"With commercial space travel an\u00a0out-of-reach\u00a0dream for most,\u00a0there\u2019s an alternative for\u00a0those wishing to look at the earth from space. With a click and a zoom, one can hover over any part of the planet and see it in detail,\u00a0thanks to technological advances that show us powerful up-to-date global images via satellite imagery.\r\n\r\nSoon, we may be able to see global changes taking place on a\u00a0weekly or daily\u00a0basis.\r\n\r\nIn early July,\u00a0partners\u00a0Esri,\u00a0Impact Observatory,\u00a0and Microsoft\u00a0released\u00a0to the public a high-resolution map of the entire world as it was in 2020. With help from deep learning <a href=\"https:\/\/www.esri.com\/en-us\/artificial-intelligence\/overview\">artificial intelligence (AI) technology<\/a>, the map will soon make it possible to closely monitor in near real-time the impacts of climate change and humanity\u2019s footprint.\r\n\r\nTo reach this goal, Impact Observatory used images collected by the European Union\u2019s (EU) Sentinel-2 satellites,\u00a0made available through the Microsoft Planetary Computer,\u00a0and trained its artificial intelligence programs to build the\u00a0global high-resolution\u00a0land-cover map\u00a0for Esri\u00a0that\u2019s now\u00a0free\u00a0to the public.\r\n\r\nEach pixel in the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.arcgis.com\/apps\/mapviewer\/index.html?layers=d6642f8a4f6d4685a24ae2dc0c73d4ac\">Esri 2020 Land Cover<\/a> map\u00a0represents a 10-meter-by-10-meter block\u2014a significantly higher-resolution than the 30-meter standard\u2014bringing the slightest detail into view in a much shorter amount of time.\u00a0Ten distinct categories of land cover, the physical type of land, show just what\u2019s\u00a0where\u2014such as trees, grass, crops, built areas, wetlands, scrub\/shrub, and snow\/ice.\r\n\r\nAfter being fed a heap of data and 400,000 images of earth, Impact Observatory\u2019s AI technology quickly determined what was on the planet\u2019s surface. The data and images, previously categorized by humans, were used to train it for the task.\r\n\r\nThe result:\u00a0A\u00a0global\u00a0view of land use and land cover\u00a0for 2020\u2014produced\u00a0in\u00a0a matter of days, instead of months. The capability should lead to answers to pressing questions about climate change and environmental crises for years to come.\u00a0Everything from conservation planning to food security to hydrologic modeling can be observed."},{"acf_fc_layout":"image","image":451682,"image_position":"center","orientation":"horizontal","hyperlink":"https:\/\/www.arcgis.com\/apps\/mapviewer\/index.html?layers=d6642f8a4f6d4685a24ae2dc0c73d4ac"},{"acf_fc_layout":"content","content":"<h3><strong>Watching Changes as They Occur<\/strong><\/h3>\r\nWhile the opportunity to view the\u00a0planet\u00a0from\u00a0the outer reaches of our atmosphere\u00a0has offered affordable yet grounded\u00a0explorations, land-cover and land-use maps have\u00a0been a necessary tool for scientists\u00a0and governments\u00a0since the inception of geographic information system (GIS) technology. At the start, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.esri.com\/news\/arcnews\/fall12articles\/origins-of-the-canada-geographic-information-system.html\">geographers in Canada invented the first GIS<\/a> to inventory land for purposes of development, particularly for agriculture.\r\n\r\nMore recently, the objective has gone beyond collecting inventories to documenting climate-related changes and impactful human activity, including deforestation and reforestation, to balance land use for the better health of our planet.\u00a0Consider for example the time-lapse feature offered by the <a href=\"https:\/\/livingatlas.arcgis.com\/wayback\/?ext=-115.34785,36.03423,-115.24915,36.09376\">World Imagery Wayback<\/a> app provides more than 40 years of previous satellite imagery to show land feature changes over time.\r\n\r\nPopulation changes, infrastructure development, and water usage, for example\u2014which can create environmental pressure\u2014can be paired with land-cover conditions to facilitate understanding of environmental threats and lead to the proposal of better alternatives, wrote K. Bruce Jones of the US Geological Survey (USGS) in a paper titled the \u201c<a href=\"http:\/\/www.aag.org\/galleries\/nalcs\/CH13.pdf\">Importance of Land Cover and Biophysical Data in Landscape-Based Environmental Assessments<\/a>.\u201d\r\n\r\nLand-cover analysis also has been used to help establish a population\u2019s risk to wildfire, flooding, tsunamis, and earthquakes and even to assess vulnerability to contracting Lyme disease, proneness to pollutants, or the likelihood of famine. It can be used to predict crop yields and place priorities on areas to preserve.\r\n\r\nThe US Environmental Protection Agency <a href=\"https:\/\/archive.epa.gov\/esd\/archive-nerl-esd1\/web\/html\/products.html\">Regional Vulnerability Assessment Program<\/a>, the National Park Service\u2019s <a href=\"http:\/\/npshistory.com\/publications\/eq\/rmp\/wca-fact-sheet.pdf\">Watershed Condition Assessment Program<\/a>, and the US Forest Service\u2019s <a href=\"https:\/\/www.fs.fed.us\/pnw\/pubs\/pnw_gtr728.pdf\">Forests on the Edge Assessment<\/a> are among those using land-cover data on GIS maps, paired with other information, to make aid decision-making.\r\n\r\nLand cover can be a basis for scientific modeling, looking at anything from habitat suitability to environmental justice issues. A higher-resolution view and quicker turnaround time will be even more valuable to\u00a0decision-makers\u00a0observing ever-increasing environmental changes.\r\n\r\nTake efforts to\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.esri.com\/about\/newsroom\/blog\/tracking-tree-planting-sub-saharan-africa\/\">reforest areas of Burkina\u00a0Faso<\/a> or\u00a0the $8-billion\u00a0continent-wide initiative to build a Great Green Wall of trees stretching across\u00a0Africa.\u00a0Progress\u00a0could soon be observed at any time, from anywhere,\u00a0with the latest technology that produced the Esri 2020 Land Cover map, because of its level of detail and timeliness.\u00a0The same could be possible for areas such as <a href=\"https:\/\/www.esri.com\/about\/newsroom\/arcnews\/high-resolution-land-cover-data-helps-restore-chesapeake-bay-watershed\/\">the Chesapeake Bay watershed<\/a> that spans 206 counties across six US states.\r\n\r\nIn this same way, environmental leaders have relied heavily on high-resolution land-cover maps as they\u2019ve monitored pollution levels for more than a decade.\r\n\r\nWhen asked recently for examples of technology that have the potential to\u00a0curb harmful environmental practices in their tracks, Esri chief scientist Dawn Wright pointed to the technological advancements behind the new land-cover map.\r\n\r\n\u201cWe\u2019re providing the world with a trusted, accessible, and high-resolution source for global land cover at a 10-meter resolution and making this land cover on demand so we can catch things in the act, such as if there\u2019s clear-cutting going on or forced migration or illegal dumping or just for monitoring change in conservation areas,\u201d she said.\r\n<h3><b>Monitoring Human Impact<\/b><\/h3>\r\nSeeing where humans have spread across the landscape, in sometimes surprising locations, is perhaps the easiest impact to pinpoint, as the map comes equipped with a stark red color attached to anything built on the land.\r\n\r\nA tiny, unfinished housing development near an Arizona ghost town outside Las Vegas\u00a0may have gone unnoticed, for example, if it weren\u2019t for a handful of tiny red dots indicating structures built in the vast, untouched desert. There the small development sits, less than an hour\u2019s drive south of the Hoover Dam\u2014a landmark that has increasingly manifested extreme climate changes by lower and lower waterlines that leave \u201cbathtub\u201d rings where water level had once reached. Zoomed in, looking at a basemap imagery layer beneath the land-cover data, the smallest individual house can be seen. Otherwise, it\u2019d be hard to tell that anything was there but scrub."},{"acf_fc_layout":"image","image":451642,"image_position":"center","orientation":"horizontal","hyperlink":""},{"acf_fc_layout":"content","content":"In and around Chicago, Illinois, one can see nearly all 10 land-cover categories. Difficult to miss are the built-up areas of the metropolis that crowd the shore of Lake Michigan. The scene, recently highlighted by the <i>New York Times<\/i> in a story headlined \u00a0\u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/interactive\/2021\/07\/07\/climate\/chicago-river-lake-michigan.html\">A Battle Between a Great City and a Great Lake<\/a><span class=\"normaltextrun\">,\u201d illustrates the city\u2019s vulnerabilities to climate change.<\/span>"},{"acf_fc_layout":"image","image":451672,"image_position":"center","orientation":"horizontal","hyperlink":""},{"acf_fc_layout":"content","content":"Louisiana\u2019s coastal deltas, whose stark changes prompted the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) to launch the <a href=\"https:\/\/deltax.jpl.nasa.gov\/\">Delta-X program<\/a>, can be observed, including\u00a0a shrunken\u00a0Terrebonne\u00a0Basin with the growing Atchafalaya Basin\u00a0to its left.\u00a0The increasing rate of change may become even more apparent as updates to the map are made on a more frequent basis."},{"acf_fc_layout":"image","image":451632,"image_position":"center","orientation":"horizontal","hyperlink":""},{"acf_fc_layout":"content","content":"The views are all part of a visual story that may have normally taken years to piece together if a team of humans had instead combed through images to identify features on the earth\u2019s surface. The work took Impact Observatory\u2019s\u00a0machines less than a week to complete.\r\n<h3 class=\"paragraph\"><b>Evolution of Land Cover Maps<\/b><\/h3>\r\nUntil July 23, 1972, there had been no\u00a0way to view\u00a0the entirety of the planet\u2019s terrain\u00a0with the exception of photos of the earth taken from space missions that captured only glimpses. That\u2019s\u00a0when NASA, prompted seven years earlier by then US Geological Survey director William Pecora,\u00a0launched the first of a series of satellites\u00a0to collect images of the planet.\u00a0The move gave scientists a bigger, better picture of the earth\u2019s surface from above.\r\n\r\nThe\u00a0first\u00a0Landsat satellite (originally called the Earth Resources Technology Satellite)\u00a0was\u00a0equipped with remote sensors and could capture previously unseen images while orbiting the planet.\u00a0It\u00a0was the brainchild of\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.technologyreview.com\/2021\/06\/29\/1025732\/the-woman-who-brought-us-the-world\/\">Virginia Tower Norwood<\/a>, an MIT alumnus\u00a0who, while at Hughes Aircraft, invented the multispectral scanner that was integral to capturing the images for NASA and USGS.\u00a0Data collected by her\u00a0scanner was\u00a0sent to\u00a0ground stations, where it was decoded into images at a resolution that was surprisingly sharp given the technology available at the time.\r\n\r\nThe eighth and most recent\u00a0Landsat satellite to launch was sent to space in 2013.\u00a0The ninth incarnation is expected to make its way into orbit in September 2021.The satellites circle the globe, constantly collecting images, and taking 16 days to collect information about the entire planet.\r\n\r\nCollected Landsat images have been\u00a0freely available\u00a0to the public\u00a0since 2009. The same spirit of openness has governed images captured by the EU\u2019s Sentinel-2 satellites, part of the European Commission\u2019s 20-year-old Copernicus program to explore the earth\u2019s surface, oceans, and atmosphere. The Sentinel-2 satellites take just five days to collect imagery covering the entire globe.\r\n\r\nThe dramatically reduced time to produce a detailed, up-to-date land-cover map of the planet\u2014between the time imagery is collected to when AI machines use that data to categorize the land\u2014is what carries the biggest potential for observations of the earth.\r\n\r\nJack Dangermond, founder and president of Esri, recently reminded the worldwide community of GIS users of the need to act quickly on climate change.\r\n\r\n\u201cMove rapidly and urgently, because our world really needs it, because we need to create sustainable solutions,\u201d he said during opening remarks at the Esri User Conference in July<span class=\"normaltextrun\">.\u00a0\u201c<\/span>It's late in the day, but it\u2019s not dark yet.\u201d\r\n\r\nWith AI and deep learning, we can quickly create global data to meet the urgency of the moment. The brightest minds can turn to land-cover maps to observe environmental statuses and trends, conduct impact analysis, assess vulnerability and risk, and run planning scenarios that focus on improving human and planetary health. Scientists and policy makers can now focus on problems and solutions rather than the process of classifying and categorizing."}],"references":null},"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v25.9 (Yoast SEO v25.9) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>Reveal: Seeing Near Real-time Changes on Earth with New AI Map<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Advancements in satellites, sensors, mapping, and artificial intelligence mean we can gain a global update of land-cover change within days.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.esri.com\/about\/newsroom\/blog\/seeing-near-real-time-earth-changes\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Reveal: Seeing Near Real-time Changes on Earth with 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