{"id":519812,"date":"2022-06-19T06:06:26","date_gmt":"2022-06-19T13:06:26","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.esri.com\/about\/newsroom\/?post_type=blog&#038;p=519812"},"modified":"2022-07-07T12:09:41","modified_gmt":"2022-07-07T19:09:41","slug":"virginia-geographer-maps-past-discrimination","status":"publish","type":"blog","link":"https:\/\/www.esri.com\/about\/newsroom\/blog\/virginia-geographer-maps-past-discrimination","title":{"rendered":"Geographer Turns Academic Research on Social Inequalities into Art Exhibit"},"author":671,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"sync_status":"","episode_type":"","audio_file":"","podmotor_file_id":"","podmotor_episode_id":"","castos_file_data":"","cover_image":"","cover_image_id":"","duration":"","filesize":"","filesize_raw":"","date_recorded":"","explicit":"","block":"","itunes_episode_number":"","itunes_title":"","itunes_season_number":"","itunes_episode_type":"","_links_to":"","_links_to_target":""},"categories":[461441],"tags":[472891,474542,1201,474262],"industry":[],"esri-blog-category":[478532],"esri_blog_department":[478192],"class_list":["post-519812","blog","type-blog","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-equity-social-justice","tag-inequality","tag-redlining","tag-segregation","tag-virginia","esri-blog-category-analytics","esri_blog_department-gis-for-good"],"acf":{"video_source":"","video_start":"","video_stop":"","short_description":"A Virginia professor\u2019s maps show redlining of the 1940s has caused social inequalities to persist.","pdf":{"host_remotely":false,"file":"","file_url":""},"flexible_content":[{"acf_fc_layout":"sidebar","layout":"standard","image_reference":null,"image_reference_figure":"","spotlight_image":null,"section_title":"","spotlight_name":"","position":"Right","content":"A Virginia professor who has been showing how redlining maps of the 1940s have caused social inequalities to persist, is taking his research to the Virginia Museum of Contemporary Art.\r\n<p style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Key Takeaways<\/p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Geography professor Johnny Finn has been collecting data and mapping inequalities for several years based on past redlining maps.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Finn overlayed data over original 1940s redlining maps to reveal persistent inequalities in health and economics.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Finn says the maps tell a story that data alone could not, and he hopes they convey the visceral impacts that discriminatory policies have had on people.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>","snippet":""},{"acf_fc_layout":"content","content":"Johnny Finn has long been interested in where things are and <i>why<\/i> things are where they are. It\u2019s what geographers do. So, when he moved to coastal Virginia in 2012 to be an assistant professor of geography for Christopher Newport University in Newport News, he started to dig into the area\u2019s history to understand the patterns he was seeing. It\u2019s a postbellum, ship-building city in a region called Hampton Roads or Tidewater that felt more North than South but existed just down the road from what had been the headquarters of the US Confederacy during the Civil War.\r\n\r\nAfter reading about the University of Richmond\u2019s \u201cMapping Inequality\u201d project, he dove deeper into the redlining maps of the 1940s that banks used to deny loans to Black and immigrant homebuyers, including one for the city of Norfolk that referenced his own neighborhood. He was seeing that the region\u2019s past wasn\u2019t as far removed from its present as people might have believed. It became even clearer when he overlayed present-day demographic data over the overtly racist maps of the 1940s using geographic information system (GIS) technology.\r\n\r\n\u201cThis was a really important moment\u2014seeing how the geography we inhabit in the present is very much shaped by century-old processes that continue to reproduce the inequalities that we live with today,\u201d Finn said.\r\n\r\nFor the last several years, Finn has been showing others what he\u2019s seen in presentations to state leaders and community members, and in partnership with The Virginian-Pilot newspaper in Norfolk which published his maps and a series of stories dubbed \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/www.pilotonline.com\/topic\/dividing-lines-topic.html\">Dividing Lines<\/a><span class=\"normaltextrun\">\u201d that explained how so much of the manufactured discriminatory divisions\u00a0made decades earlier in the region of Hampton Roads, had lingered.<\/span>"},{"acf_fc_layout":"storymap","title":"","description":"[Navigate the tabs in the StoryMap below to explore how past patterns persist in Hampton Roads, Virginia. Clicking on the brackets box in the lower right will open the map full screen.]","storymap_url":"https:\/\/arcg.is\/1bv8zz"},{"acf_fc_layout":"content","content":"This fall, he\u2019s hoping even more see the connections he\u2019s made\u00a0in a unique exhibit at the Virginia Museum of Contemporary Art, the culmination of several years of data collection incorporated in about a dozen maps produced with GIS for a project he calls <a href=\"https:\/\/www.livingtogetherlivingapart.com\/\">Living Apart: Geography of Segregation in the 21st Century<\/a>. Set to debut Nov. 17, his focus is on the people who have felt the sting of those lingering social inequalities firsthand.\r\n\r\n\u201cI\u2019m starting with the stories,\u201d he said. \u201cThis impacts individual people and we need to not lose sight of that.\u201d The geographic data, \u201cis embodied through the experience of people.\u201d\r\n<h3 class=\"paragraph\"><b>The Beginning<\/b><\/h3>\r\nFinn didn\u2019t begin researching his new home with redlining maps. Instead, in 2016, he started gathering data from people that lived there. This work included an oral history project, in-depth interviews with members of the community, and a photographic experiment that involved giving people disposable cameras to take photos of the places that held the most\u00a0meaning for them. He placed each photo on a map with captions that reflected people\u2019s memories and interactions with each place. It turned out those meaningful places sometimes involved harmful incidents, including locations of shootings that had changed families.\r\n\r\nData, itself, can so often feel disconnected to the people it\u2019s\u00a0attached to, \u201creal people, with real traumas,\u201d Finn said.\r\n\r\nWhen the pandemic arrived and he could no longer do face-to-face interviews, he started doing more spatial analysis using ArcGIS Online at home to show, in an empirically driven way, how a\u00a0history of segregation had manifested into modern social inequality.\r\n\r\n\u201cWhy has the inequality that the 1940 redlining map mapped out been so durable and so persistent across nearly 100 years?\u201d\u00a0Finn said."},{"acf_fc_layout":"gallery","gallery_images":[519922,519912,519932]},{"acf_fc_layout":"content","content":"It would have been one thing to overlay the older map with one that simply showed racial demographics of today and call it a coincidence. But Finn added more data within GIS including the locations of industrial sites that release toxic materials, asthma cases, home values, food deserts, and life expectancy, revealing inequities that demand environmental justice.\r\n\r\n\u201cEvery single one of those maps show the same patterns of inequality,\u201d he said of the near identical patterns he would see. Segregation had created longstanding, persistent inequalities. It wasn\u2019t just an anecdotal theory. The maps showed that marginalized people faced continuous harm from policies in place long before many were born.\r\n\r\nAnd not just in Hampton Roads in Virginia. He replicated the data and maps in GIS for other Virginia cities \u2013 Richmond, Lynchburg, and Roanoke \u2013 and saw similar results. He did the same for Baltimore, Cleveland, New Orleans, and even in San Diego County in California. There he showed community leaders how longstanding racist structures in the Southern California region have exacerbated issues related to substance use disorder and homelessness.\r\n\r\n\u201cThere is no way this can be coincidence,\u201d Finn said he discovered in his map-making using ArcGIS Online. \u201cThe maps visually show how systemic and how multi-faceted it is, to make it almost impossible to argue against.\u201d\r\n<h3 class=\"paragraph\"><span class=\"normaltextrun\"><b>Putting a Stop to the Cycle<\/b><\/span><span class=\"eop\">\u00a0<\/span><\/h3>\r\nHe\u2019s been particularly encouraged when a stormwater engineer, public health official, or transportation manager calls him for help in understanding the impacts of racist past policies. With new investments in infrastructure, there may be an opportunity to right past wrongs or ensure inequalities don\u2019t continue. Not all roads, stormwater pumping stations, and neighborhoods have been invested in equally. In many cases, the needed assets have been built in the wealthiest neighborhoods first, and these lopsided investments may not have happened had it not been for redlining decades earlier.\r\n\r\nIn his academic-turned-artistic endeavor, he expects to delve into five themes: a history of how the divisions happened, economic impacts, environmental impacts, health impacts, and a look at where we might\u00a0go from here. He doesn\u2019t want to fall into the trap of easy solutions, but he wants to offer some semblance of hope.\r\n\r\n\u201cI think we need to be made uncomfortable about the world we live in, in order to do something about it,\u201d Finn said."},{"acf_fc_layout":"gallery","gallery_images":[520362,520352]},{"acf_fc_layout":"content","content":"He hopes those visiting his exhibit see data in a different light, \u201cthat it\u2019s not just abstract, it\u2019s lived,\u201d and that they walk away with more empathy for\u00a0individuals\u2019 lived experiences, which are all different.\r\n\r\nHe\u2019s spoken to diverse groups, but with Black church members or activists, he often gets a similar reaction: \u201cWe know.\u201d\r\n\r\n\u201cWe know this to be true because we live it, but it\u2019s really nice to see this data that shows it\u2019s\u00a0<span class=\"normaltextrun\">been true all along,\u201d he said he\u2019s been told. <\/span>\r\n\r\n\u201cIt\u2019s so stark,\u201d Finn said. \u201cYou can\u2019t unsee it.\u201d\r\n\r\nLearn more about how <a href=\"https:\/\/www.esri.com\/en-us\/racial-equity\/overview\">GIS is being used to advance racial equity<\/a>."},{"acf_fc_layout":"sidebar","layout":"standard","image_reference":null,"image_reference_figure":"","spotlight_image":null,"section_title":"","spotlight_name":"","position":"Center","content":"<h2 style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><strong>Justice40: Climate and Economic Justice Screening<\/strong><\/h2>\r\n<p style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The <a href=\"https:\/\/www.transportation.gov\/equity-Justice40\">Justice40 Initiative<\/a> comes from the Biden-Harris Administration\u2019s prioritization of racial equity and climate change in infrastructure spending. An executive order established the government-wide initiative that pledges 40 percent of federal investments to disadvantaged communities on such projects as climate resiliency, sustainable transportation, the remediation of pollution, accelerating the clean energy transition, and developing clean water infrastructure.<\/p>\r\n<p style=\"font-weight: 400;\">By its nature, the initiative requires a geographic approach to know where disadvantaged communities are. In response, an <a href=\"https:\/\/www.arcgis.com\/home\/item.html?id=bdac3e391cd04d2396983fc67c23bf1c\">online geographic analysis tool<\/a> was created, showing the census tracks that are disadvantaged according to <a href=\"https:\/\/screeningtool.geoplatform.gov\/en\/methodology\">Justice40 Initiative criteria<\/a>.<\/p>\r\n<p style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The web map allows users to apply filters and customize the look of the map to understand what communities deserve increased infrastructure investment and environmental justice protection.<\/p>","snippet":""},{"acf_fc_layout":"image","image":520502,"image_position":"center","orientation":"horizontal","hyperlink":"https:\/\/www.arcgis.com\/apps\/mapviewer\/index.html?webmap=bdac3e391cd04d2396983fc67c23bf1c"}],"references":null},"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v25.9 (Yoast SEO v25.9) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>Virginia Geographer&#039;s Maps Show that Past 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