{"id":657842,"date":"2024-05-28T07:31:33","date_gmt":"2024-05-28T14:31:33","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.esri.com\/about\/newsroom\/?post_type=blog&#038;p=657842"},"modified":"2024-11-07T12:44:11","modified_gmt":"2024-11-07T20:44:11","slug":"new-tempo-sensor-tracks-air-pollution","status":"publish","type":"blog","link":"https:\/\/www.esri.com\/about\/newsroom\/blog\/new-tempo-sensor-tracks-air-pollution","title":{"rendered":"From 22,000 Miles Up, A New Sensor Can Track Air Pollution to Its Source"},"author":671,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"sync_status":"","episode_type":"","audio_file":"","podmotor_file_id":"","podmotor_episode_id":"","castos_file_data":"","cover_image":"","cover_image_id":"","duration":"","filesize":"","filesize_raw":"","date_recorded":"","explicit":"","block":"","itunes_episode_number":"","itunes_title":"","itunes_season_number":"","itunes_episode_type":"","_links_to":"","_links_to_target":""},"categories":[],"tags":[471911,474552,271,40532,138062,457421],"industry":[],"esri-blog-category":[479162],"esri_blog_department":[478172],"class_list":["post-657842","blog","type-blog","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","tag-air-pollution","tag-environmental-justice","tag-mapping","tag-monitoring","tag-science","tag-sensing","esri-blog-category-environmental-justice","esri_blog_department-mapping"],"acf":{"video_source":"","video_start":"","video_stop":"","short_description":"With NASA\u2019s new TEMPO sensor, operated by the Smithsonian, a live map of air pollution levels will help trace pollution to its source.","pdf":{"host_remotely":false,"file":"","file_url":""},"flexible_content":[{"acf_fc_layout":"sidebar","layout":"standard","image_reference":null,"image_reference_figure":"","spotlight_image":null,"section_title":"","spotlight_name":"","position":"Right","content":"The Smithsonian and NASA have teamed to create TEMPO, a new air pollution sensor that\u2019s now returning remarkable awareness. The first in a series of low-cost earth science missions at NASA, TEMPO is a pathfinder for a new generation of pollution sentinels, helping to fill in the gaps in ground-based monitoring networks.\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\nKey Takeaways\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>NASA\u2019s new space sensor TEMPO will create air pollution maps with a daily \u2018video\u2019 of pollution down to the neighborhood scale.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>TEMPO will track most major air pollutants during daylight hours, including nitrogen dioxide, ozone, sulfur dioxide, formaldehyde, and aerosols, from sources such as cars, oil refineries, and wildfires.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>With a spatial resolution that\u2019s about twice as good as that of current sensors, TEMPO will help scientists understand how air quality changes hour by hour, ZIP code by ZIP code, enhancing air forecasts and atmospheric and public health research.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>","snippet":""},{"acf_fc_layout":"content","content":"What, exactly, is in the air we\u2019re breathing? How did it get that way?\r\n\r\nAnswers to those basic questions have been surprisingly elusive. In the US, air quality data comes mostly from a patchy fabric of <a href=\"https:\/\/www.epa.gov\/outdoor-air-quality-data\/interactive-map-air-quality-monitors\">ground-based sensors<\/a>. In counties that have monitors\u2014most don\u2019t\u2014they tend to be in and around cities, which means they miss shorter-lived and fast-traveling pollution in rural areas.\r\n\r\n\u201cIn some states, we only have one or two ground-based stations,\u201d said Xiong Liu, a senior physicist and TEMPO\u2019s deputy principal investigator at the Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory and a member of the Center for Astrophysics | Harvard &amp; Smithsonian. In other parts of the world, pollution data is even harder to come by.\r\n\r\nBut Liu and his colleagues are quietly working to revolutionize our view of the skies. Over the past several months, an instrument they developed, called TEMPO, has begun providing measurements of harmful aerosols and gases in our air (currently including nitrogen dioxide and ozone, and eventually including sulfur dioxide, bromine monoxide, and organic molecules like formaldehyde) at unprecedented scale, and from the highest perch a pollution-hunter has ever had: some 22,000 miles above North America.\r\n\r\nEven after a decade of development and preparation, looking at the first images, Liu was stunned. \u201cWe\u2019re amazed by the detail,\u201d he said.\r\n\r\nThere\u2019s already an international fleet of air monitoring satellites in low earth orbit, about 300 miles up, which take observations along their path as they circle the Earth once a day. These instruments combine with ground stations to inform measurements like the Environmental Protection Agency's (EPA) air quality index (AQI). But\u2014as wildfire smoke reminded millions of people in North America last summer\u2014these readings can still be imprecise and arrive too late.\r\n\r\nAs NASA\u2019s first earth-observation instrument located in geostationary orbit, TEMPO, or Tropospheric Emissions: Monitoring of Pollution, sits far higher up than existing satellites and remains over a single point on Earth, allowing it to see more pollution for longer. It can take ten to 14 scans daily, from Canada\u2019s oil sands to Mexico\u2019s Yucat\u00e1n Peninsula, from the Atlantic Ocean to the Pacific Ocean. (TEMPO is collaborating with an international team of scientists from Canada, Cuba, Mexico, and the US.)\r\n\r\nThat rhythm, of imaging the Earth at a blistering pace of about once-an-hour, helped give the instrument its name. \u201cBasically, it\u2019s going to sit over the equator and scan over North America, East to west, over and over,\u201d said Liu. \u201cLike the tempo of a musical instrument.\u201d\r\n\r\nAlongside its frequency and unusual height, TEMPO\u2019s big innovation is its spectrometer. By detecting tiny differences when sunlight hits molecules in the atmosphere and gets absorbed at specific wavelengths, spectrometers allow scientists to measure concentrations of trace gases in the troposphere, the innermost part of the atmosphere. But while other space-based spectrometers in the US can only see gas concentrations at a resolution of, at most, the size of a city; TEMPO can see down to about four-square miles, or about the size of the Washington Mall."},{"acf_fc_layout":"kaltura","video_id":"1_3m7c2k3x","time":false,"start":0,"stop":""},{"acf_fc_layout":"content","content":"<em><i>Beginning at 11:15 AM Eastern Daylight Time on August 2, 2023, TEMPO scanned the continent every hour for six consecutive hours. This animation shows nitrogen dioxide over the country and zooms in on the east coast, Texas, and Southern California (Video courtesy of NASA and the TEMPO mission).<\/i><\/em>\r\n<h2>Eventually, say TEMPO scientists, its data could help displace our fuzzy pollution maps with something far more detailed and accurate, like a near real-time 3D video of the air.<\/h2>\r\n\u201cNow we\u2019re able to see small, individual point sources in each city and hourly measurements for highways, with variations from hour to hour,\u201d Liu said. \u201cWe're able to see a lot of details at the neighborhood scale.\u201d\r\n<h3><strong>Harming Vulnerable Communities the Most<\/strong><\/h3>\r\nIn recent years, the EPA, the US Forest Service, and others have tried to enhance pollution maps by incorporating data <a href=\"https:\/\/www.esri.com\/about\/newsroom\/blog\/new-air-pollution-map-combines-science-crowdsourcing\/\">from a growing community of citizen air watchers<\/a>. But there aren\u2019t enough devices\u2014the community-managed air monitors tend to be in wealthier or whiter communities\u2014and they aren\u2019t sampled frequently enough to generate accurate, reliable pollution forecasts. And along with existing space-based sensors, community-managed monitors can provide only a limited portrait of how pollution moves in different weather conditions, for instance, or the ways it impacts the most vulnerable populations the hardest.\r\n\r\nBad air\u2014ground-level ozone pollution and fine particulate matter (PM<sub>2.5<\/sub>)\u2014lead to more than 100,000 premature deaths and billions of dollars in annual damages in the US, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.weather.gov\/safety\/airquality\">according to the National Weather Service<\/a>. Liu cited stats from the American Lung Association's <a href=\"https:\/\/www.lung.org\/media\/press-releases\/state-of-the-air-2023\">2023 <em>State of the Air<\/em> report<\/a>: \u201cOne-third of the American population is still affected by unhealthy air pollution,\u201d he said. \u201cAnd people of color are more likely to be affected by air pollution because they tend to live closer to some of the biggest sources.\u201d\r\n\r\nRecent research has used satellite observations of nitrogen dioxide to identify disparities in cities, showing that higher fossil fuel emissions occur in low-income and nonwhite communities.\r\n\r\nCritically, TEMPO can provide data in such high spatial resolution that it's possible to spot the actual sources behind these disparities. By combining its readings with data from ground-based monitors and comparing the results against health records, epidemiologists can learn what volumes and mixtures of pollutants are linked with certain health problems, including pregnancy complications and cancers.\r\n\r\nBy tracing pollution back to its sources\u2014and mapping its impacts on health over time\u2014TEMPO\u2019s scientists hope the data could lead to policies that save lives, improve economic productivity, and reduce health-care costs and inequalities.\r\n\r\nWhen TEMPO\u2019s first images emerged in August, National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) administrator Bill Nelson hailed the project for its potential to enhance awareness of deadly pollution and help combat it. \u201cNeighborhoods and communities across the country will benefit from TEMPO\u2019s game-changing data for decades to come.\u201d"},{"acf_fc_layout":"content","content":"<h3><strong>Launching a New Venture<\/strong><\/h3>\r\nIt was TEMPO\u2019s principal investigator Kelly Chance who in 1985 first proposed with several European colleagues the advance in space-based spectroscopy\u2014using ultraviolet and visible light\u2014that would lead to the mission\u2019s powerful sensor.\r\n\r\nAnd TEMPO represents more earthly breakthroughs too: It\u2019s the first instrument in NASA\u2019s Earth Venture program, which is focused on innovative \u201cscience-driven, competitively selected, low-cost missions.\u201d The agency gave TEMPO the green light in 2013, and construction began at Ball Aerospace (now BAE Systems) in Boulder, Colorado, with a launch target of 2018. After a series of delays, the instrument was <a href=\"https:\/\/spacenews.com\/nasa-earth-science-hosted-payload-set-for-launch-on-intelsat-satellite\/\">sent aloft<\/a> on April 7, 2023, aboard a Falcon 9 rocket, attached to Intelsat 40e, a communications satellite built by Maxar. NASA said it expected total spending for the project to reach about $210 million.\r\n\r\nThe mission itself is only funded to last 20 months after its commissioning phase. But Liu said the team is now working with NASA to extend the mission as part of a normal extension review process; Intelsat has told the space agency it intends to keep TEMPO\u2019s host satellite in orbit for as long as 15 years. \u201cHopefully, we should be able to operate for 10 to 15 years, as long as the instrument is working,\u201d Liu said."},{"acf_fc_layout":"gallery","gallery_images":[657952,657942,658342]},{"acf_fc_layout":"content","content":"<h3><strong>Growing Need for Better Air Quality Awareness<\/strong><\/h3>\r\nIn many ways, the decades-long fight to improve US air quality, ignited by the passage of amendments in 1970 to the Clean Air Act, has been a resounding success story. But even before last summer, improvements in US air quality <a href=\"https:\/\/www.epa.gov\/air-trends\">started to plateau<\/a>. Wildfires, which are becoming more frequent and more intense due to climate change, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/interactive\/2022\/09\/22\/climate\/wildfire-smoke-pollution.html\">appear<\/a> to be the main reason for this reversal, thanks to fine particulate matter and higher ozone pollution. Ozone pollution, which often spikes after rush hour, has <a href=\"https:\/\/www3.epa.gov\/airquality\/greenbook\/jnc.html\">remained stubbornly high in some places<\/a>, especially major cities.\r\n\r\nNitrogen dioxide (NO<sub>2<\/sub>) is the major culprit. Emitted by the burning of fuel and wildfires, industrial activities, and agricultural fertilization, NO<sub>2<\/sub> is a key ingredient in ozone pollution and fine particulate matter. Ozone high in the atmosphere\u2014<a href=\"https:\/\/ozonewatch.gsfc.nasa.gov\/\">the ozone layer<\/a>\u2014protects Earth from dangerous solar radiation, but ground-level ozone, a main ingredient in smog, aggravates respiratory diseases.\r\n\r\nAnd as it moves through the air, NO<sub>2<\/sub> can be particularly hard to measure with existing monitoring stations. That point was driven home in June, when TEMPO was powered on. That same day, Liu got an alert from the Smithsonian Institution as the smoke of Canadian wildfires descended on Washington, DC, and other cities across the northeast.\r\n\r\nOn one hot July day, thousands of miles below TEMPO, on the streets of New York, teams of field researchers <a href=\"https:\/\/www-air.larc.nasa.gov\/missions\/staqs\/\">helping\u00a0 validate and enhance TEMPO\u2019s data<\/a>\u2014and armed with apps and a backpack full of sensors\u2014confronted the threat in person. For eight hours, they tracked (and breathed the air within) a 1.5-mile-high plume of ozone moving downwind across Long Island Sound and the Connecticut shoreline, at pollution levels above what the EPA deems hazardous.\r\n\r\n\u201cA lot of pollution can be transported from the source region a long distance, affecting the chemistry and pollution somewhere else,\u201d Liu said."},{"acf_fc_layout":"gallery","gallery_images":[657932,657912,657892]},{"acf_fc_layout":"content","content":"The other major threat PM<sub>2.5<\/sub>, made of microscopic particles that can enter the bloodstream and cause heart and lung disease, strokes and even premature death. After years of decline, PM<sub>2.5<\/sub> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/interactive\/2019\/10\/24\/climate\/air-pollution-increase.html\">started increasing again around 2016<\/a>. When AQI values for NO<sub>2<\/sub>\u00a0or PM<sub>2.5<\/sub> are above 100, air quality is unhealthy, according to the EPA\u2014first for certain sensitive groups of people and then for everyone as AQI values get higher.\r\n\r\nTEMPO can\u2019t directly measure PM<sub>2.5<\/sub>. And it has other limitations too, Liu points out. Pollution varies by altitude, but TEMPO only measures the columns of air it can detect from above. And it doesn\u2019t work with cloudy skies or at night. (In the dark, TEMPO will be used to measure light pollution.)\r\n\r\nStill, TEMPO\u2019s more precise data on location and chemistry will help build better pollution models and forecasts. Ongoing advances in artificial intelligence could extend the data even further, Liu said. \u201cThere\u2019s a lot of interest in using AI and machine learning algorithms [with TEMPO data] to produce source concentrations of PM<sub>2.5<\/sub> and ozone at the surface\u2014the air quality index\u2014more quickly and efficiently.\u201d Still, he cautions, \u201cthis process probably is going to take some time.\u201d\r\n\r\nTEMPO's first beta data product of radiance spectra <u><span data-ogsc=\"rgb(5, 99, 193)\"><a title=\"https:\/\/www.earthdata.nasa.gov\/learn\/articles\/new-beta-level-1-tempo-products\" href=\"https:\/\/www.earthdata.nasa.gov\/learn\/articles\/new-beta-level-1-tempo-products\" data-ogsc=\"\" data-outlook-id=\"5c8fe20e-037d-433f-8a8a-97e1574ae778\">was released in February<\/a><\/span><\/u>. According to Liu, the major release of the TEMPO trace gas data product happened in April 2024, with additional data planned for the coming years. <u><span data-ogsc=\"rgb(5, 99, 193)\"><a title=\"https:\/\/www.arcgis.com\/home\/item.html?id=6a1bdd0c076d499da69e867732ed2ab7\" href=\"https:\/\/www.arcgis.com\/home\/item.html?id=6a1bdd0c076d499da69e867732ed2ab7\" data-ogsc=\"\" data-outlook-id=\"6a0094a5-e033-4a6b-9ed3-23d83e81abc0\">TEMPO data is now available via the ArcGIS <span class=\"outlook-search-highlight\" data-markjs=\"true\">Living<\/span> <span class=\"outlook-search-highlight\" data-markjs=\"true\">Atlas<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/u>, along with distribution through NASA's Atmospheric Science Data Center website and NASA's Earthdata Search, Worldview and other tools. TEMPO data will also be accessible via the US EPA Remote Sensing Information Gateway (RSIG) data tool, which allows users to select large datasets from satellites, models, and in-situ sensors; distribute the data, integrate those datasets into a unified visualization, or export them for further analysis into tools like geographic information system (GIS) technology.\r\n\r\nAs he and his colleagues race to prepare more of the data for public release, Liu said they have been encouraged by a vibrant community of more than 600 early adopters, including federal, state and local agencies; public health organizations; and nongovernmental organizations (NGOs). They have been helping the TEMPO team validate the data and provide feedback as they prepare to use it for research into atmospheric science and public health.\r\n\r\nTEMPO will also form part of a growing virtual constellation of geostationary air quality satellites in the Northern Hemisphere, joining South Korea's Geostationary Environment Monitoring Spectrometer (GEMS), launched in 2020, and the European Space Agency (ESA) Sentinel-4 satellite, which is set to launch in 2025 (see sidebar). Still, most of the global air quality map remains blank, with gaping holes in observations from space over South America and Africa. Liu and other scientists have recently been pushing for TEMPO-like instruments over the Middle East and South Africa. \u201cCurrently there\u2019s a lot of community interest to push for similar measurements in the global south,\u201d he said.\r\n\r\nPolluted skies kill millions every year, but Liu said he detects something else in the air too. More people are paying attention to the skies, checking their weather apps, and asking questions. Instruments like TEMPO are poised to accelerate all that. \u201cWith respect to air quality and greenhouse gas measurements,\" Liu said. \"I think we\u2019re actually in a prime-time period.\u201d\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\nLearn more about how <a href=\"https:\/\/www.esri.com\/en-us\/capabilities\/imagery-remote-sensing\/overview\">imagery and remote sensing are integrated with GIS<\/a>."},{"acf_fc_layout":"image","image":658352,"image_position":"center","orientation":"horizontal","hyperlink":""},{"acf_fc_layout":"sidebar","layout":"standard","image_reference":null,"image_reference_figure":"","spotlight_image":null,"section_title":"","spotlight_name":"","position":"Center","content":"<h2><strong>Increased Sensing of Air Quality, with More to Come<\/strong><\/h2>\r\nMore pollution data is flooding in from around the globe. TEMPO\u2019s predecessor, GEMS, has been used to observe pollution patterns over greater Asia since 2020. The two instruments are similar\u2014both were built by Ball Aerospace (now BAE Systems)\u2014but TEMPO has fewer redundant parts and TEMPO has the visible band of the electromagnetic spectrum. TEMPO and GEMS will be joined by the Sentinel-4 mission over Europe and North Africa, scheduled to launch on the European Space Agency\u2019s Meteosat Third Generation sounder satellite in 2025. This virtual constellation will provide the first comprehensive view of air quality over the entire Northern Hemisphere\u2014letting scientists track how pollution travels over great distances\u2014when it leaves the range of one spacecraft and pops up in another.\r\n\r\nNext, the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's (NOAA) Atmospheric Composition Instrument (ACX)\u2014a kind of sequel to TEMPO\u2014is scheduled to launch sometime in the mid-2030s over the central United States. Part of the <a href=\"https:\/\/spacenews.com\/20-billion-geoxo-program\/\">Geostationary Extended Observations<\/a> satellite series, the administration's successor to the Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellites (GOES-R Series), ACX will be a hyperspectral spectrometer, measuring a wide spectrum of light from ultraviolet (UV) to visible similar to TEMPO.\r\n\r\nOther powerful pollution-hunting instruments are space-bound. In March, the Environmental Defense Fund launched <a href=\"https:\/\/www.methanesat.org\/\">MethaneSAT<\/a>, which is focused on methane, the second-biggest driver of climate change after carbon dioxide. Developed in partnership with BAE Systems and the Center for Astrophysics | Harvard &amp; Smithsonian, the satellite will circle the earth every 95 minutes in low earth orbit, monitoring methane emissions from oil and gas fields and other sources worldwide in near real time.\r\n\r\nNASA and the Italian Space Agency are also preparing to launch an instrument next year called Multi-Angle Imager for Aerosols (MAIA), which will sample the air for particulate matter over 11 giant cities, including Los Angeles, Atlanta, Johannesburg, and Tel Aviv. It will be NASA\u2019s first satellite mission in partnership with health experts at agencies like the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and the National Institutes of Health, with the aim of revealing the links between specific health conditions and airborne pollutants.","snippet":""}],"references":null},"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v25.9 (Yoast SEO v25.9) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>From 22,000 Miles Up, A New Sensor Can Track Air Pollution to Its Source<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"With NASA\u2019s new TEMPO sensor, operated by the Smithsonian, a live map of air pollution levels will help trace pollution to its source.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.esri.com\/about\/newsroom\/blog\/new-tempo-sensor-tracks-air-pollution\" \/>\n<meta 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