{"id":732362,"date":"2025-03-25T05:07:01","date_gmt":"2025-03-25T12:07:01","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.esri.com\/about\/newsroom\/?post_type=blog&#038;p=732362"},"modified":"2025-05-08T19:51:18","modified_gmt":"2025-05-09T02:51:18","slug":"mapping-human-tolls-nigeria-insurgents","status":"publish","type":"blog","link":"https:\/\/www.esri.com\/about\/newsroom\/blog\/mapping-human-tolls-nigeria-insurgents","title":{"rendered":"Investigating the Human Toll of Boko Haram with Maps and Satellite Images"},"author":671,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"sync_status":"","episode_type":"","audio_file":"","castos_file_data":"","podmotor_file_id":"","cover_image":"","cover_image_id":"","duration":"","filesize":"","filesize_raw":"","date_recorded":"","explicit":"","block":"","itunes_episode_number":"","itunes_title":"","itunes_season_number":"","itunes_episode_type":"","_links_to":"","_links_to_target":""},"categories":[22],"tags":[491372,1151,1081,271,491362],"industry":[],"esri-blog-category":[478872,478762],"esri_blog_department":[478192],"class_list":["post-732362","blog","type-blog","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-esri-insider","tag-conflict-zone","tag-investigation","tag-journalism","tag-mapping","tag-nigeria","esri-blog-category-communication","esri-blog-category-humanitarian-response","esri_blog_department-gis-for-good"],"acf":{"video_source":"","video_start":"","video_stop":"","short_description":"GIS allows HumAngle Media to transform abstract data into compelling visual narratives about the millions of displaced people in Nigeria.","pdf":{"host_remotely":false,"file":"","file_url":""},"flexible_content":[{"acf_fc_layout":"sidebar","layout":"standard","image_reference":null,"image_reference_figure":"","spotlight_image":null,"section_title":"","spotlight_name":"","position":"Right","content":"HumAngle uses GIS to document and visualize the human toll of conflicts and natural disasters in Africa.\r\n\r\n<strong>Key Takeaways<\/strong>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Newsroom specialist for HumAngle Media utilizes GIS and satellite data to uncover and document harms to people under the Boko Haram insurgency.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Maps and analysis show the damages in northeast Nigeria, with more than two million people displaced and more than 25,000 reported missing.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Imagery helps tell the stories of natural disasters and government neglect that exacerbate the human toll of the insurgency.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>","snippet":""},{"acf_fc_layout":"content","content":"<p style=\"font-weight: 400;\">In his work at HumAngle Media, Mansir Muhammed documents Nigeria\u2019s invisible war.<\/p>\r\n<p style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Through powerful imagery, open data, and geographic information system (GIS) technology, he maps the human cost of conflict that has ravaged his homeland for decades.<\/p>\r\n<p style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The statistics tell only part of the story: over two million people have been displaced, and tens of thousands killed across the Lake Chad region since Boko Haram began its reign of terror 16 years ago. While the world briefly took notice after the 2014 kidnapping of the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2024\/04\/14\/world\/africa\/nigeria-chibok-girls-kidnapping-boko-haram.html\">Chibok schoolgirls<\/a>, the group\u2019s brutal campaign\u2014murdering men and enslaving women and girls\u2014continues largely unnoticed by the global community.<\/p>\r\n<p style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Muhammed told the story of one of these women, Madam Hannatu, mapping out <a href=\"https:\/\/humanglemedia.com\/escaping-terror-1-an-idps-journey-from-borno-cameroon-to-yola\/\">her personal account of escaping a violent attack<\/a>. He took care to map the treacherous terrain, the hazardous thickets, and the venomous snakes. \u201cI was so close to it,\u201d Muhammed said. \u201cIt was as if I was there following her through the bushes.\u201d<\/p>\r\n<p style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Madam Hannatu fled along with other women and children after militants killed 30 people while they slept and set fire to the huts in her home village of Ngoshe. She trekked for more than 10 hours through the night with her three-year-old son on her back while holding the hands of her 12-year-old daughter and 10-year-old niece. One woman was shot as she knelt to nurse her baby. Hannatu and others in her group managed to cross the border into Cameroon and locate a refugee camp.<\/p>\r\n<p style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u201cBeing able to visualize it helped us show what it was like for her\u2014the fear they felt before finding safe haven,\u201d Muhammed said.<\/p>\r\n<p style=\"font-weight: 400;\">At HumAngle, Muhammed is the newsroom specialist in GIS and open source intelligence. He studied geography and environmental resource planning at the University of Abuja in Nigeria before working as a journalist and accepting his current role. Along the way, he discovered GIS as a critical tool, supporting his work to visualize and analyze human suffering, so the stories will not go untold.<\/p>\r\n<p style=\"font-weight: 400;\">After nearly five years with HumAngle, Muhammed\u2019s mapping work has told the stories of villages wiped off the map, wrongful detentions, and mass graves\u2014depicting the human price of conflict. The maps convey the geographic vulnerabilities of an interstate region with hills and forests that allow armed groups to advance and retreat unchecked.<\/p>\r\n<p style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u201cWe're in an age where information is so fast, and there's so much pain out there,\u201d Muhammed said. \u201cSometimes people just want you to show them before you tell them or show them instead of telling them.\u201d<\/p>"},{"acf_fc_layout":"image","image":738982,"image_position":"center","orientation":"horizontal","hyperlink":""},{"acf_fc_layout":"content","content":"<h3 style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><strong>Widespread Consequences of Conflict<\/strong><\/h3>\r\n<p style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Muhammed\u2019s first map for HumAngle displayed the number of people infected by COVID-19. He soon <a href=\"https:\/\/humanglemedia.com\/author\/mansir-muhammed\/\">established his own byline<\/a> for map-based stories guided by spatial analytics that mark trends and relay human conditions.<\/p>\r\n<p style=\"font-weight: 400;\">He accesses open data\u2014including such details as population, poverty, land cover, climate, crop production, and satellite imagery\u2014from the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.africageoportal.com\/\">Africa GeoPortal<\/a> [see sidebar]. He uses the site to connect with other Africans and learn about the data and tools he can exploit for investigative purposes.<\/p>\r\n<p style=\"font-weight: 400;\">An analysis of satellite imagery he conducted in May 2023 revealed more than 200 towns, hamlets, and villages in Nigeria\u2019s Borno State that the insurgents destroyed. His subsequent story, \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/humanglemedia.com\/no-way-home-satellite-images-reveal-dozens-of-towns-destroyed-by-boko-haram-conflict\/\">No Way Home: Satellite Images Reveal Dozens Of Towns Destroyed by the Boko Haram Conflict<\/a>,\u201d visualizes the land before and after the insurgency. Imagery comparisons reveal the dwindling number of structures, the decay of roads and tracks overgrown by brush, and the lack of boats on the waterways.<\/p>"},{"acf_fc_layout":"image","image":739062,"image_position":"center","orientation":"horizontal","hyperlink":""},{"acf_fc_layout":"content","content":"<p style=\"font-weight: 400;\">In contrast to the return of nature without human presence, his maps of internally displaced person (IDP) camps reveal how desperate people confined to a small place and robbed of their livelihoods <a href=\"https:\/\/humanglemedia.com\/fear-of-boko-haram-not-enough-to-protect-bornos-forests-from-idps\/\">have decimated the trees<\/a>.<\/p>\r\n<p style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u201cPoverty led to mass deforestation,\u201d Muhammed said. \u201cVisualization gave us a way to convey the pressures of people by showing the growing impact of wood harvesting around the camps.\u201d<\/p>"},{"acf_fc_layout":"image","image":738992,"image_position":"center","orientation":"horizontal","hyperlink":""},{"acf_fc_layout":"content","content":"<h3 style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><strong>Displaced by Attacks and Harsh Weather<\/strong><\/h3>\r\n<p style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The harms of the insurgents and the government\u2019s military response are difficult to comprehend. Civilians face attacks from both groups. To lend greater understanding, Muhammed created databases that bring together details about the people who live in the camps and the hardships they face.<\/p>\r\n<p style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u201cIn a lot of these places, you can't even envision the process of recovery yet because these places are still contested,\u201d Muhammed said. \u201cWhen they seem dormant that doesn't mean those places are safe. We've <a href=\"https:\/\/humanglemedia.com\/borno-state-is-resettling-idps-but-satellite-data-shows-they-might-be-at-risk\/\">reported mass kidnappings and IED [improvised explosive device] attacks<\/a>\u00a0around areas the government is working to resettle.\u201d<\/p>\r\n<p style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Muhammed has also reported on flooding, drought, and other climate pressures that add to food insecurity in the region. People in IDP camps are among the most vulnerable to these hardships.<\/p>\r\n<p style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/humanglemedia.com\/nigerians-should-brace-for-more-flooding-in-2023-say-government\/\">Rising threats of flooding<\/a> during the rainy season add to pressures on agriculture and livestock. In 2022, flooding killed more than 600 people in Nigeria, and more than three million more were adversely affected by it.<\/p>\r\n<p style=\"font-weight: 400;\">A <a href=\"https:\/\/humanglemedia.com\/more-heat-new-inequities-the-poor-at-greater-risk-when-temperatures-climb\/\">growing number of hotter days<\/a> from March to May leave little refuge for the region\u2019s urban poor people who often lack the shade of trees when northern Nigeria experiences highs above 40\u00b0C (120\u00b0 Fahrenheit).<\/p>\r\n<p style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u201cThe central part of the human element of our reporting\u2014what we write about and map\u2014is about where the people are and why they are in these camps,\u201d Muhammed said. \u201cPeople have been resettled in places that are still dangerous and often they are displaced all over again by violent storms or violence.\u201d<\/p>"},{"acf_fc_layout":"content","content":"<h3 style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><strong>Raising Awareness of Negligence<\/strong><\/h3>\r\n<p style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Through spatial analysis, Muhammed exposes corrupt officials, turning data into evidence that brings accountability. His investigative maps reveal critical failures, tracking delayed maintenance and responses to violent attacks that cost lives.<\/p>\r\n<p style=\"font-weight: 400;\">When a dam near Lake Alau in Borno State <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Alau_Dam\">failed<\/a>, Muhammed mapped the destruction. <a href=\"https:\/\/humanglemedia.com\/maiduguri-floods-the-unfortunate-series-of-events-that-led-to-the-breakdown-of-alau-dam\/\">His story details<\/a> how flooding buried thousands of homes in the capital city of Maiduguri, displaced more than 400,000 people, and killed more than 150 people.<\/p>\r\n<p style=\"font-weight: 400;\">His reporting used satellite images to display the lack of dam repairs, despite government funds allocated for that purpose.<\/p>\r\n<p style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u201cIt\u2019s one of our top stories because people could relate to it and could visualize it,\u201d he said. \u201cA lot of people were sharing it, trying to get others to talk about it and demand accountability.\u201d<\/p>\r\n\r\n<h3 style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><strong>Providing Inspiration for Data-Driven Journalism<\/strong><\/h3>\r\n<p style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The government has also been implicated in the plight of more than 25,000 people reported missing in Nigeria. The Nigerian army arrested and detained thousands of civilians in the northern city of Maiduguri from 2012 to 2015. Few people were released, and families still struggle to know whether their loved ones are still alive.<\/p>\r\n<p style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Muhammed used synthetic aperture radar (SAR) to reveal changes in the soil combined with archival satellite imagery, witness statements, and press reports to investigate what happened. His evidence uncovered a campaign of executions, extrajudicial killings, and <a href=\"https:\/\/humanglemedia.com\/finding-mass-graves\/\">mass burial sites obscured for more than a decade<\/a>. Through analysis techniques, estimates could be made on the number of graves dug and the number of bodies seen in satellite images.<\/p>"},{"acf_fc_layout":"image","image":738952,"image_position":"center","orientation":"horizontal","hyperlink":""},{"acf_fc_layout":"content","content":"<p style=\"font-weight: 400;\">This investigative work won Muhammed a prestigious <a href=\"https:\/\/humanglemedia.com\/humangle-journalist-wins-sigma-award\/\">Sigma 2024 data journalism award<\/a>.<\/p>\r\n<p style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u201cIt was a great honor to win the award,\u201d he said. \u201cAfter some years of trying to pioneer a unique method of storytelling, it was great for us\u00a0to see such recognition, especially for such an important\u00a0story.\u201d<\/p>\r\n<p style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Journalists from around the world have reached out to him for tips and ideas on how to use GIS for investigative work. He has since collaborated with other outlets on stories that apply the analytical power of GIS, and he has held weekly training sessions to equip HumAngle\u2019s reporters with GIS skills for their own investigative work.<\/p>\r\n<p style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u201cWe exist to tell the human story,\u201d Muhammed said. \u201cGIS isn\u2019t just a tool. It\u2019s about making the invisible visible.\u201d<\/p>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<p style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Read more about how <a href=\"https:\/\/www.esri.com\/en-us\/industries\/humanitarian\/overview\">GIS guides humanitarian assistance<\/a>.<\/p>"},{"acf_fc_layout":"sidebar","layout":"standard","image_reference":null,"image_reference_figure":"","spotlight_image":null,"section_title":"","spotlight_name":"","position":"Center","content":"<h2><strong>Data and Tools About Africa for Africans<\/strong><\/h2>\r\n<p style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The <a href=\"https:\/\/www.africageoportal.com\/\">Africa GeoPortal<\/a> provides a geospatial platform for anyone working in Africa or on African challenges. The site is free for single-user access and is designed to be helpful for all levels of GIS experience.<\/p>\r\n<p style=\"font-weight: 400;\">In addition to a rich repository of data about Africa, the site has community-building components to connect peers working on similar problems in the region. It also acts as a data sharing platform for exchange between GIS users and in-country creators of authoritative data.<\/p>\r\n<p style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The Africa\u00a0GeoPortal\u00a0is powered by Esri technology. It comes with datasets and maps from <a href=\"https:\/\/www.google.com\/url?sa=t&amp;source=web&amp;rct=j&amp;opi=89978449&amp;url=https:\/\/livingatlas.arcgis.com\/&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjZn-eRvvOLAxU0HkQIHQ7SMQEQFnoECAkQAQ&amp;usg=AOvVaw1B4lGutRN98TzZ6X2m5XHE\">ArcGIS Living Atlas of the World<\/a>, with a focus on Africa. Users receive access to Esri tools, including ArcGIS Online, ArcGIS Field Maps, ArcGIS Survey123, ArcGIS StoryMaps, and ArcGIS Insights. A large selection of Esri\u2019s e-Learning materials is also available.<\/p>\r\n<p style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The Africa GeoPortal was developed to remove barriers to entry for working with geospatial data and better support people who are building solutions to help solve local problems.<\/p>","snippet":""}],"references":null},"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v25.9 (Yoast SEO v25.9) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>Mapping the Complex Realities of Conflict in Northeast Nigeria<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"GIS allows HumAngle Media to transform abstract data into compelling visual narratives about the millions of displaced people in Nigeria.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.esri.com\/about\/newsroom\/blog\/mapping-human-tolls-nigeria-insurgents\" \/>\n<meta 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