{"id":767764,"date":"2025-10-27T07:03:00","date_gmt":"2025-10-27T14:03:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.esri.com\/about\/newsroom\/?post_type=blog&#038;p=767764"},"modified":"2025-11-07T12:20:20","modified_gmt":"2025-11-07T20:20:20","slug":"transforming-humanitarian-response-in-complex-countries","status":"publish","type":"blog","link":"https:\/\/www.esri.com\/about\/newsroom\/blog\/transforming-humanitarian-response-in-complex-countries","title":{"rendered":"GIS Bridges Satellite Intelligence and Local Action in Conflict Zones"},"author":671,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"sync_status":"","episode_type":"","audio_file":"","podmotor_file_id":"","podmotor_episode_id":"","castos_file_data":"","cover_image":"","cover_image_id":"","duration":"","filesize":"","filesize_raw":"","date_recorded":"","explicit":"","block":"","itunes_episode_number":"","itunes_title":"","itunes_season_number":"","itunes_episode_type":"","_links_to":"","_links_to_target":""},"categories":[],"tags":[287702,476302,288272,493122,493123],"industry":[],"esri-blog-category":[478762],"esri_blog_department":[478192],"class_list":["post-767764","blog","type-blog","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","tag-africa","tag-climate-action","tag-food-security","tag-humanitarian-response","tag-refugees","esri-blog-category-humanitarian-response","esri_blog_department-gis-for-good"],"acf":{"video_source":"","video_start":"","video_stop":"","short_description":"The Red Cross Red Crescent Climate Centre maps conflict risks and enables proactive response in complex crisis zones.","pdf":{"host_remotely":false,"file":"","file_url":""},"flexible_content":[{"acf_fc_layout":"sidebar","layout":"standard","image_reference":null,"image_reference_figure":"","spotlight_image":null,"section_title":"","spotlight_name":"","position":"Right","content":"How the Red Cross Red Crescent Climate Centre (RCRCCC) conducts vulnerability and exposure analysis in the intersection of climate change and conflict and supports data-driven anticipatory action to climate-related hazards.\r\n<p style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><strong>Key Takeaways<\/strong><\/p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Flood forecasts enabled evacuation of 3,000+ people before Mali floods struck, preventing casualties.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>The Climate Centre processes global satellite data to guide community-led humanitarian action around the world.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Stress index integrates climate data with conflict patterns to identify water vulnerable communities' water access.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>","snippet":""},{"acf_fc_layout":"content","content":"On September 4, 2022, Mali\u2019s Bani River rose to dangerous levels. Within hours, the flood Early Action Protocol (EAP) was triggered and evacuations began across the Mopti region. Sandbags were placed, shelters opened. By September 8, before flood waters peaked, more than 3,000 people had been evacuated with their possessions and livestock protected.\r\n\r\nThat success reflects a shift from reactive disaster response to early action. The <u><a id=\"OWA823e3949-c0ea-a1ca-744b-d6c64528f313\" class=\"x_OWAAutoLink\" title=\"https:\/\/adore.ifrc.org\/Download.aspx?FileId=570944\" href=\"https:\/\/urldefense.com\/v3\/__https:\/\/adore.ifrc.org\/Download.aspx?FileId=570944__;!!CKZwjTOV!z5VXuxJqpwmgsPVS9b28L_K-qxZ__0DKo5LEqKsqhtxRDcPvzxxbD0ItDL7HWCFqXhkJ-7umKigJ5CA$\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" data-auth=\"NotApplicable\" data-linkindex=\"0\" data-outlook-id=\"56659cba-677b-4c79-9691-8732ce755d1b\">protocol<\/a> <\/u>operates with a four-day lead time and was developed by the Mali Red Cross with the International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies, government partners, NGOs, and local communities.\r\n\r\nResearchers at the Red Cross Red Crescent Climate Centre are now using geographic information system (GIS) technology and satellite monitoring to support such community-led solutions to climate and conflict challenges worldwide. They have shared success stories through their website and the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.anticipation-hub.org\/anticipation-hub-strategy-2021-2024\">Anticipation Hub<\/a>. This approach provides location intelligence for overlapping crises and guides life-saving action.\r\n\r\n<strong>Where Climate Meets Conflict<\/strong>\r\n\r\nMali faces overlapping emergencies. The intersection of environmental degradation and human conflict there has come to define 21st-century humanitarian challenges. Most of the country is desert with increasingly unpredictable weather. Annual rainfall varies from less than 100mm in the north to 1,400mm in the south. Drought is intensifying. Security incidents have surged 55 percent from 2023 and 2024, from 1,475 incidents to 2,288. Armed groups control territory across northern and central regions, while communities compete for shrinking natural resources. This creates what researchers term compound risks\u2014scenarios where multiple stressors amplify each other\u2019s impacts.\r\n\r\n\u201cIt\u2019s not like 1 + 1 equals 2 in those cases,\u201d said Cornelia Scholz, GIS technical advisor at the Climate Centre. \u201cMultiple indicators come together and are further amplified and compound each other.\u201d"},{"acf_fc_layout":"gallery","gallery_images":[767770,767772,767769,767768]},{"acf_fc_layout":"content","content":"Traditional humanitarian response plans assume single disasters\u2014a flood, a drought, a conflict. They fail when communities face simultaneous threats from environmental degradation, climate-related hazards, armed conflict, and economic collapse. These vulnerabilities create cascading effects, demanding sophisticated analysis to assess interacting risk factors simultaneously.\r\n<h3><strong>Carving a Career in Crisis Mapping<\/strong><\/h3>\r\nIt\u2019s an area of study familiar to Scholz who analyzed compound risks in Sudan for her master\u2019s thesis. Working as a graduate student intern at the Climate Centre in 2020, she used <a href=\"https:\/\/www.esri.com\/en-us\/arcgis\/products\/arcgis-storymaps\/overview\">ArcGIS StoryMaps<\/a> to share her conclusions in the story <a href=\"https:\/\/storymaps.arcgis.com\/stories\/2f1a015682a148adb0bc07db4426d88b\">Compound Risk Analysis: Climate &amp; Conflict in Sudan<\/a>.\r\n\r\n\u201cIt went viral within the Climate Centre and partners and now we have used StoryMaps as a key visualization tool in many<a href=\"https:\/\/storymaps.arcgis.com\/collections\/31a912a6fb0347c1badffcdc25889436\"> assessments of climate and conflict<\/a>,\u201d Scholz said. \u201cOur team at the Climate Centre can put the very scientific data analysis into a visualization and a communication product that communities or the delegation can use for decision making.\u201d\r\n\r\nVisual storytelling has become a critical tool for bridging the gap between sophisticated remote analysis and community-level action. It allows users to combine satellite-derived insights with ground-level data, images, and narrative. The tools enable field teams in places like Mali, <a href=\"https:\/\/storymaps.arcgis.com\/stories\/2f1a015682a148adb0bc07db4426d88b\">Sudan<\/a>,\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.climatecentre.org\/13645\/blog-mapping-for-anticipatory-action-in-timor-leste\/\">Timor Leste<\/a>,\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/storymaps.arcgis.com\/stories\/68a62d7d7ea4450595483e64fa0bc360\">Mozambique<\/a>, and\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/storymaps.arcgis.com\/stories\/8fd49dccaf0f4b719a7aa6b5a2e0201a\">Honduras<\/a> to explore complex data while understanding local context.\r\n\r\n\u201cMaps are the most amazing medium to convey a message, transporting the reader and communicating the conditions,\u201d Scholz said.\r\n<h3><strong>When Wells Run Dry: The Human Stakes Behind the Data<\/strong><\/h3>\r\nThe human consequences of inadequate water access become clear through experiences in villages like Tin Tanzan in Mali. There, 300 herding families needed water. Women and children walked miles each day to fetch it, risking assault, improvised explosive devices, and robbery along the route. When engineers from the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) arrived in October 2022 to drill a borehole, initial geological surveys looked promising.\r\n\r\nThey drilled deep but <a href=\"https:\/\/www.icrc.org\/en\/document\/climate-change-mali-we-drilled-deep-found-nothing\">found nothing<\/a>."},{"acf_fc_layout":"gallery","gallery_images":[767771,767773,767774]},{"acf_fc_layout":"content","content":"\u201cThe community had hoped to sink a borehole to access water, which was vital to their livelihoods and survival,\u201d <a id=\"OWA8c6fea20-f2fd-1e7a-05a8-d1bbb5f289a3\" class=\"OWAAutoLink\" title=\"https:\/\/www.icrc.org\/en\/document\/climate-change-mali-we-drilled-deep-found-nothing\" href=\"https:\/\/www.icrc.org\/en\/document\/climate-change-mali-we-drilled-deep-found-nothing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\" data-auth=\"NotApplicable\" data-linkindex=\"1\" data-outlook-id=\"56755232-f7da-4842-9199-c477ee29cfc2\">said Papa Amadou Gueye<\/a>, an ICRC team member. \u201cHowever, it turned out that the sub-soil was too dry. It was both frustrating and worrying.\u201d Fortunately for the people of Tin Tanzan, the third drilling attempt proved successful: water was finally found ten kilometres from the first borehole.\r\n\r\nTraditional ground surveys miss what satellites can see: subsurface geological patterns, underground aquifer systems, and areas where rainfall hasn\u2019t replenished water tables for years, though not which routes are controlled by armed groups or where recent violence has occurred. So integrating satellite intelligence with conflict mapping could change how humanitarian organizations respond to crises in places like Tin Tinzan where environmental disasters and armed conflict collide.\r\n\r\n<h3 style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><strong>Community-Driven Data Meets Satellite Precision<\/strong><\/h3>\r\n\r\nWork at the Climate Centre signals the paradigm shift in humanitarian response. Instead of siloed data analysis and decision-making, remote analysis can identify patterns, predict risks, and guide local action. It\u2019s a bridge between local realities and global perspectives, and sheds light on the intersections of climate, conflict, and displacement and their impact on vulnerable communities.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\u201cSatellite monitoring, especially climate observations, gives us information about areas we can\u2019t access in person,\u201d Scholz said. \u201cI\u2019m able to analyze the impacts of climate change projections on communities all around the world whether there is on-the-ground technical information or not.\u201d<\/p>\r\n\r\nSatellite data reveals environmental changes over time\u2014expanding deserts, shifting river courses, degrading vegetation\u2014while automated systems monitor weather patterns and impacts of climate-related hazards or violent conflict in near real-time.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\u201cHaving accurate, high-resolution, openly available data is really amazing,\u201d Scholz said. Data that was once restricted to military and intelligence agencies is now accessible to humanitarian organizations.<\/p>\r\n\r\nFor Scholz, the breakthrough came when she saw the power of combining open-source GIS data and remote sensing imagery with community-generated data. Working directly with the Mali delegation of the<a href=\"https:\/\/www.icrc.org\/en\">International Committee of the Red Cross<\/a>, she developed a water borehole stress index that fuses satellite data with local information about conflict, vulnerabilities, and water access.<\/p>\r\n\r\nThe delegation\u2019s Water and Habitat unit (WatHab) systematically collected GPS coordinates and condition data for water points. This ground-truth data was transmitted to the Climate Centre where it was used as baseline data set and analyzed using georeferenced data of vulnerabilities, conflict and environmental factors along with satellite climate observations. This creates a comprehensive risk assessment.<\/p>\r\n\r\nNow, water engineers can prioritize which boreholes need intervention based on combined environmental and security risk, not guesswork.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\u201cThis is an innovative case where the national society collected primary georeferenced data from the field and asked for support to analyze it and put it into a bigger picture of climate, conflict and vulnerability,\u201d Scholz said. \u201cThe push to use geospatial analysis came from the Mali teams, not an outside influence.\u201d<\/p>\r\n\r\nThe stress index analyzes twelve indicators across four dimensions: social vulnerability, pressure on water use, climate, and conflict. The conflict dimension tracks three factors using automated monitoring from <a href=\"https:\/\/acleddata.com\/data-export-tool\/\">ACLED<\/a> (Armed Conflict Location &amp; Event Data). First, number of violent conflict incidents near water boreholes indicates the likelihood of physical damage from violence. Second, fatalities in wider areas around water points indicates the intensity of the conflict in the area where people are attempting to access water. Third, targeted violence against civilians indicates whether certain community members might be prevented from reaching vital water sources due to ethnic, religious, or political targeting.<\/p>\r\n\r\nFor communities in Mali and similar situations worldwide, this integration of satellite capabilities with local leadership shapes daily survival decisions and offers hope for resilience.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<strong>\u201c<\/strong>For me, the biggest reward I have is if the work I do has a positive impact on communities and on people,\u201d Scholz said.<\/p>\r\n\r\nLearn more about how <a href=\"https:\/\/www.esri.com\/en-us\/industries\/humanitarian\/overview\">GIS is used to prepare, manage, and deliver effective humanitarian assistance<\/a>.<\/p>"},{"acf_fc_layout":"sidebar","layout":"standard","image_reference":null,"image_reference_figure":"","spotlight_image":null,"section_title":"","spotlight_name":"","position":"Center","content":"<h3 style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><strong>Reshaping Humanitarian Response with Geographic Solutions <\/strong><\/h3>\r\n<p style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Recent funding disruptions have exposed vulnerabilities in humanitarian aid and forced a transformation to community-driven networks. This shift reflects the geographic approach used by the Red Cross Red Crescent Climate Centre.<\/p>\r\n<p style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The approach makes sense. When disaster strikes, risk follows geography. A person\u2019s proximity to hazards, plus the quality of nearby buildings and infrastructure, impact their vulnerability. All are spatial factors and keys to successful humanitarian action.<\/p>\r\n<p style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Esri\u2019s\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.esri.com\/en-us\/webinars\/industry\/humanitarian\/national-geospatial-enablement-webinar-series\/national-disaster-risk-management-geo-enablement-program\">National Disaster Risk Management Geospatial Capacity Program<\/a> (NDRM GCP)\u00a0and\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.esri.com\/en-us\/c\/industry\/humanitarian\/geospatial-enablement-for-disaster-risk-management\">Geospatial Enablement Program\u00a0<\/a>support this transformation.<\/p>\r\n<p style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The programs democratize access to GIS tools\u2014providing resource-constrained countries with advanced mapping technologies. Local leadership\u00a0and national disaster management authorities can use these GIS tools to make data-driven decisions. Municipalities and countries can build from within, combining accessible licensing with comprehensive training for local teams.<\/p>\r\n<p style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The result?\u00a0Countries build resilient response strategies and early warning systems aligned with national development goals and locally determined priorities.<\/p>","snippet":""}],"references":null},"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v25.9 (Yoast SEO v25.9) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>Transforming Humanitarian Response in Complex Countries<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"The Red Cross Red Crescent Climate Centre maps conflict risks and enables proactive response in complex crisis zones.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" 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