{"id":121241,"date":"2008-04-30T01:52:00","date_gmt":"2008-04-30T01:52:00","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.esri.com\/arcgis-blog\/products\/product\/uncategorized\/dot-density-mapping-with-arcmap-part-2-defining-exclusions-and-inclusions\/"},"modified":"2008-04-30T01:52:00","modified_gmt":"2008-04-30T01:52:00","slug":"dot-density-mapping-with-arcmap-part-2-defining-exclusions-and-inclusions","status":"publish","type":"blog","link":"https:\/\/www.esri.com\/arcgis-blog\/products\/product\/mapping\/dot-density-mapping-with-arcmap-part-2-defining-exclusions-and-inclusions","title":{"rendered":"Dot density mapping with ArcMap: Part 2&#8211;Defining exclusions and inclusions"},"author":4401,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"_searchwp_excluded":""},"categories":[22941],"tags":[38211,23201,31301],"industry":[],"product":[],"class_list":["post-121241","blog","type-blog","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-mapping","tag-arcgis-methods","tag-cartographic-design","tag-symbology"],"acf":{"short_description":"By Daniel Smith and Alex Quintero, University of Redlands, Masters of Science In GIS Program\n\n\n\nIn the first dot density mapping blog, we...","flexible_content":[{"acf_fc_layout":"content","content":"<p><strong>By Daniel Smith and Alex Quintero, University of Redlands, Masters of Science In GIS Program<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/downloads.esri.com\/MappingCenter2007\/blog\/Apr08Images\/ExclusionsInclusionsPart2_Thumb.jpg\" alt=\"Exclusions Inclusions Part 2 - Thumbnail\" align=\"left\" border=\"0\" \/><\/p>\n<p>In the <a href=\"https:\/\/blogs.esri.com\/esri\/arcgis\/2008\/04\/24\/dot-density-mapping\/\">first dot density mapping blog<\/a>, we discussed the workflow for creating\u00a0dot density maps using ArcMap.\u00a0 In that\u00a0discussion we emphasized the need for using exclusion or inclusion layers.\u00a0 Here is an example of how we set up the\u00a0inclusion and exclusion choices for mapping population density in San\u00a0Bernardino County, the county with the largest land area in the conterminous\u00a0United States. Because of its size and the fact that population is not evenly\u00a0distributed throughout the county (rather, it is concentrated in the southwest\u00a0corner, around where Redlands is located), this county exemplifies the\u00a0limitations of dot density mapping without inclusions\/exclusions when mapping\u00a0population density at the county, the state or even the country level.<!--more--><\/p>\n<p>We first created a dot density map for San Bernardino County\u00a0without any exclusions or inclusions using the county itself as the enumeration\u00a0unit that the dot density was applied to.<br \/>\nThis is what it looked like:<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/downloads.esri.com\/MappingCenter2007\/blog\/Apr08Images\/ExclusionsInclusionsPart2_Fig1.jpg\" alt=\"Exclusions Inclusions Part 2 - Figure 1\" width=\"800\" align=\"middle\" border=\"0\" \/><\/p>\n<p>Clearly, this does not represent the population density\u00a0pattern very realistically.\u00a0 One &#8220;fix&#8221; is\u00a0to use smaller enumeration areas, so we first tried census tracts:<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/downloads.esri.com\/MappingCenter2007\/blog\/Apr08Images\/ExclusionsInclusionsPart2_Fig2.jpg\" alt=\"Exclusions Inclusions Part 2 - Figure 2\" width=\"800\" align=\"middle\" border=\"0\" \/><\/p>\n<p class=\"MsoNormal\">And then we tried block groups:<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/downloads.esri.com\/MappingCenter2007\/blog\/Apr08Images\/ExclusionsInclusionsPart2_Fig3.jpg\" alt=\"Exclusions Inclusions Part 2 - Figure 3\" width=\"800\" align=\"middle\" border=\"0\" \/><\/p>\n<p>This was a big improvement over our first two maps, so we\u00a0decided to do the exclusions and inclusions using these smaller enumeration\u00a0areas.\u00a0 The next thing we did was to\u00a0determine areas of exclusion.\u00a0 These\u00a0included:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Parks\n<ul>\n<li>Local<\/li>\n<li>State<\/li>\n<li>National<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>Airports<\/li>\n<li>Landmarks\n<ul>\n<li>Schools<\/li>\n<li>Hospitals<\/li>\n<li>Cemeteries<\/li>\n<li>Golf Courses<\/li>\n<li>Shopping Centers<\/li>\n<li>Stadiums<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>To\u00a0create a single layer with these excluded areas we followed these steps:<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>Extract\u00a0areas of exclusion from datasets to fit your study area or map extent and\u00a0create new layers for them.\u00a0 For example,\u00a0we used Landmark data clipped to San Bernardino County (available from <a title=\"ESRI Data and Maps description\" href=\"http:\/\/www.esri.com\/data\/data-maps\/overview.html\" target=\"_blank\">Esri\u00a0Data &amp; Maps<\/a> StreeMap).<\/li>\n<li>We\u00a0then created new a new empty layer that we could use to append all the areas of\u00a0exclusion.<\/li>\n<li>We\u00a0batched appended all of the areas of exclusion. (see the list of categories\u00a0that we excluded above.) Keep in mind that all areas of exclusion or inclusion\u00a0must be polygons.<\/li>\n<li>The\u00a0final step was to visually inspect the final exclusion layer and compared it to\u00a0other reference information and our data to ensure we did not miss other areas that\u00a0should have been included in the exclusion layer.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>To set the\u00a0area of exclusion (that is, the masking) for areal feature dot density\u00a0representation, here are the steps to follow:<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/downloads.esri.com\/MappingCenter2007\/blog\/Apr08Images\/ExclusionsInclusionsPart2_Fig4.jpg\" alt=\"Exclusions Inclusions Part 2 - Figure 4\" width=\"700\" align=\"middle\" border=\"0\" \/><\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>Right\u00a0click the layer with the population density for San Bernardino block groups.<\/li>\n<li>Click\u00a0Properties.<\/li>\n<li>Select\u00a0the Symbology tab.<\/li>\n<li>In\u00a0the box on the right, under Show, click Quantities.<\/li>\n<li>Select\u00a0Dot Density.<\/li>\n<li>Set\u00a0the unit value and dot size.<\/li>\n<li>To\u00a0the right of the Background settings, click Properties.<\/li>\n<li>Check\u00a0the Use Masking box.<\/li>\n<li>Select\u00a0your final exclusion layer as the Control Layer.<\/li>\n<li>Click\u00a0the &#8220;Exclude dots from these areas&#8221; option.<\/li>\n<li>Click\u00a0OK.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>When we included the exclusion layer, we got this result:<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/downloads.esri.com\/MappingCenter2007\/blog\/Apr08Images\/ExclusionsInclusionsPart2_Fig5.jpg\" alt=\"Exclusions Inclusions Part 2 - Figure 5\" width=\"800\" align=\"middle\" border=\"0\" \/><\/p>\n<p>There is one additional step that we wanted to add to this\u00a0analysis which was to INCLUDE certain areas. We theorized that people would\u00a0live closer to roads rather than far away from them.\u00a0 To do this, we needed to use two layers &#8211; the\u00a0urban areas and the roads layers (from <a title=\"ESRI Data and Maps description\" href=\"http:\/\/www.esri.com\/data\/data-maps\/overview.html\" target=\"_blank\">Esri Data &amp; Maps<\/a> StreeMap).\u00a0 Here are the steps we followed to include\u00a0areas near roads in the dot density analysis:<\/p>\n<p>First we <a title=\"ArcGIS Web Help: Buffer tool\" href=\"http:\/\/webhelp.esri.com\/arcgisdesktop\/9.2\/index.cfm?id=1108&amp;pid=1107&amp;topicname=Buffer_%28Analysis%29\" target=\"_blank\">buffered<\/a> the roads to a threshold that we determined made sense for our analysis. These\u00a0are the steps we followed:<\/p>\n<ol>\n<ol>\n<li><a title=\"ArcGIS Web Help: Select layer by location tool \" href=\"http:\/\/webhelp.esri.com\/arcgisdesktop\/9.2\/index.cfm?id=1610&amp;pid=1601&amp;topicname=Select_Layer_By_Location_%28Data_Management%29\" target=\"_blank\">Select\u00a0roads within the urban areas<\/a> (we noted when we did this that dense road\u00a0networks create problems when buffering).<\/li>\n<li><a title=\"ArcGIS Web Help: Selecting records in a table\" href=\"http:\/\/webhelp.esri.com\/arcgisdesktop\/9.2\/index.cfm?id=2767&amp;pid=2761&amp;topicname=Selecting_records_in_a_table\">Switch the selection<\/a> (to learn how scroll to the bottom of the linked help topic).<\/li>\n<li><a title=\"ArcGIS Web Help: Exporting features\" href=\"http:\/\/webhelp.esri.com\/arcgisdesktop\/9.2\/index.cfm?id=247&amp;pid=240&amp;topicname=Exporting_features\" target=\"_blank\">Export\u00a0the selection<\/a> to a new feature class and then add it again to create a new rural roads layer.<\/li>\n<li><a title=\"ArcGIS Web Help: Dissolve tool\" href=\"http:\/\/webhelp.esri.com\/arcgisdesktop\/9.2\/index.cfm?id=1578&amp;pid=1575&amp;topicname=Dissolve_%28Data_Management%29\" target=\"_blank\">Dissolve<\/a> the roads based on a universal field (that is, all features having the same\u00a0value for an attribute).<\/li>\n<li>Buffer\u00a0the roads based on:\n<ol>\n<li>Use the Dissolve type All.<\/li>\n<li>Knowledge and visual analysis of the geographic area (we determined that 5 miles made sense for our study area)<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n<li>Select urban areas that the roads where removed from (these areas were used as proxy road buffer for the urban areas in order to avoid the problem of the buffers of dense road networks.)<\/li>\n<li>Buffer to same user defined threshold as roads (5 miles) and use Dissolve Type All.<\/li>\n<li><a title=\"ArcGIS Web Help: Merge tool\" href=\"http:\/\/webhelp.esri.com\/arcgisdesktop\/9.2\/index.cfm?id=1567&amp;pid=1562&amp;topicname=Merge_%28Data_Management%29\" target=\"_blank\">Merge<\/a>the areas of inclusion (that is, the road buffers and the urban area buffers) using Dissolve. In order to do this, we:\n<ol>\n<li><a title=\"ArcGIS Web Help: Add field tool\" href=\"http:\/\/webhelp.esri.com\/arcgisdesktop\/9.2\/index.cfm?id=1548&amp;pid=1547&amp;topicname=Add_Field_%28Data_Management%29\" target=\"_blank\">Add a field<\/a> that the Dissolve tool will use to dissolve the features on.<\/li>\n<li><a title=\"ArcGIS Web Help: Calculate Field tool\" href=\"http:\/\/webhelp.esri.com\/arcgisdesktop\/9.2\/index.cfm?id=1551&amp;pid=1547&amp;topicname=Calculate_Field_%28Data_Management%29\" target=\"_blank\">Calculate<\/a> all values in the new field to equal one ( = 1)<\/li>\n<li>Use Dissolve Type All based on added field with identical values.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n<li>Set the area of inclusion using the same steps as setting the area of exclusion (described above) but select the \u201cPlace dots only in these area\u201d rather than \u201cExclude dots from these areas\u201d option.\n<ol>\n<li>Add both the final exclusion and inclusion layers to the map.<\/li>\n<li>Use the <a title=\"ArcGIS Web Help: Erase tool\" href=\"http:\/\/webhelp.esri.com\/arcgisdesktop\/9.2\/index.cfm?id=1097&amp;pid=1096&amp;topicname=Erase_%28Analysis%29\" target=\"_blank\">Erase tool<\/a>to remove any exclusion areas from the inclusion layer:\n<ol>\n<li>Set inclusion as input feature,<\/li>\n<li>Set exclusion as erase feature, and<\/li>\n<li>Set the output location.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n<li>Click Run.<\/li>\n<li>Follow the steps from above to apply this as a mask for areas of inclusion.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/ol>\n<p>Here is the result we got using this inclusion layer:<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/downloads2.esri.com\/blogs\/images\/support_613.jpg\" target=\"_blank\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/downloads.esri.com\/MappingCenter2007\/blog\/Apr08Images\/ExclusionsInclusionsPart2_Fig6.jpg\" alt=\"Exclusions Inclusions Part 2 - Figure 6\" width=\"800\" align=\"middle\" border=\"0\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p>The final\u00a0step is obviously to combine the exclusion and inclusion layers so we have one\u00a0final layer to use in dot density mapping that represents the areas we know\u00a0people NOT to be as well as we theorize more people TO be.\u00a0 To do this we followed these steps:<\/p>\n<p>This was our final result &#8211; a vast improvement over the map we started with for San Bernardino county!<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/downloads2.esri.com\/blogs\/images\/support_611.jpg\" target=\"_blank\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"http:\/\/downloads.esri.com\/MappingCenter2007\/blog\/Apr08Images\/ExclusionsInclusionsPart2_Fig7.jpg\" alt=\"Exclusions Inclusions Part 2 - Figure 7\" width=\"800\" align=\"middle\" border=\"0\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p>by Alex Quintero and Daniel Smith, students at the <a title=\"University of Redlands MSGIS Program\" href=\"http:\/\/www.institute.redlands.edu\/msgis\/\" target=\"_blank\">University of Redlands<\/a>.<\/p>\n"}],"authors":[{"ID":4401,"user_firstname":"","user_lastname":"","nickname":"d.e.smith99","user_nicename":"d.e.smith99","display_name":"d.e.smith99","user_email":"DanielElijahSmith@gmail.com","user_url":"","user_registered":"2018-03-02 00:16:00","user_description":"","user_avatar":"<img alt='' src='https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/7743d653558a033d93e17745058eb8c57cb23b44c1285e56d7127fec74b0bcd2?s=96&#038;d=blank&#038;r=g' srcset='https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/7743d653558a033d93e17745058eb8c57cb23b44c1285e56d7127fec74b0bcd2?s=192&#038;d=blank&#038;r=g 2x' class='avatar avatar-96 photo' height='96' width='96' loading='lazy' decoding='async'\/>"}]},"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v25.9 (Yoast SEO v25.9) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>Dot density mapping with ArcMap: Part 2--Defining exclusions and inclusions<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, 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