{"id":122891,"date":"2013-07-17T15:44:13","date_gmt":"2013-07-17T15:44:13","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.esri.com\/arcgis-blog\/products\/product\/uncategorized\/displaying-speed-and-direction-symbology-from-u-and-v-vectors\/"},"modified":"2013-07-17T15:44:13","modified_gmt":"2013-07-17T15:44:13","slug":"displaying-speed-and-direction-symbology-from-u-and-v-vectors","status":"publish","type":"blog","link":"https:\/\/www.esri.com\/arcgis-blog\/products\/product\/analytics\/displaying-speed-and-direction-symbology-from-u-and-v-vectors","title":{"rendered":"Displaying Speed and Direction Symbology from U and V vectors"},"author":5141,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"_searchwp_excluded":""},"categories":[23341,22771,23051],"tags":[22821,23391,29051],"industry":[],"product":[],"class_list":["post-122891","blog","type-blog","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-analytics","category-natural-resources","category-water","tag-oceans-and-maritime","tag-spatial-analytics","tag-vector"],"acf":{"short_description":"This blog shows you how to calculate and symbolize wind or current speed and direction when the underlying data is stored as U and V vect...","flexible_content":[{"acf_fc_layout":"content","content":"<p>This blog shows you how to calculate and symbolize wind or current speed and direction when the underlying data is stored as U and V vectors.\u00a0 <!--more-->In order to capture the speed and direction of wind or a water current, anemometers or Doppler current profilers measure the velocity of the wind or water in two perpendicular directions, U and V.\u00a0 U is the velocity toward east and V is the velocity toward north.\u00a0 U is sometimes referred to as the zonal velocity and V the meridional velocity.\u00a0 Using U and V, both the speed and direction of the wind or water current can be calculated.<\/p>\n<p>Storing information about the flow of wind or water as vectors provides flexibility in how we calculate direction.\u00a0 This is important because meteorologists and oceanographers describe the flow of wind differently.\u00a0 Oceanographers prefer to describe wind in terms of the \u201cdirection of mass flow\u201d or in other words the direction <strong>towards<\/strong> which the wind is blowing. In the oceanographic convention, wind flowing from the south to the north is symbolized by an arrow pointing north.\u00a0 Meteorologists use an arrow or a special symbol called a wind barb to show the direction <strong>from which<\/strong> the wind is blowing.\u00a0 The head of the arrow or wind barb points in the direction from which the wind is blowing.\u00a0 In the meteorological convention, a wind blowing from west to east is symbolized by an arrow pointing west.\u00a0 Water currents are almost always symbolized using the oceanographic convention.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.esri.com\/arcgis-blog\/app\/uploads\/2013\/07\/table.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignright  wp-image-29310\" src=\"https:\/\/www.esri.com\/arcgis-blog\/app\/uploads\/2013\/07\/table.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"426\" height=\"321\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p><strong>Displaying Direction<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>To correctly display wind or current direction in ArcMap, the U and V components must be converted to a symbol rotation angle.\u00a0 The steps below assume that you have a point feature class with the attribute fields u and v.\u00a0 To calculate the rotation, follow the steps below:<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>Right-click the point layer in the table of contents.<\/li>\n<li>Click <strong>Properties<\/strong> and click the <strong>Symbology<\/strong> tab.<\/li>\n<li>Click the Symbol.\u00a0 The <strong>Symbol Selector<\/strong> dialog box opens.<\/li>\n<li>Choose an arrow or wind barb whose head is pointing north.<\/li>\n<li>Click <strong>OK<\/strong> to close the Symbol Selector dialog.<\/li>\n<li>Click <strong>Advanced<\/strong> and choose <strong>Rotation<\/strong> from the drop-down list.\u00a0 The Rotation dialog box opens.<\/li>\n<li>Choose &lt;expression&gt; in the drop-down list.<\/li>\n<li>Click the Expression Builder button to provide the expression to use for rotating the symbol.<\/li>\n<li>Specify one of the following expression:\n<ol>\n<li>Oceanographic Convention: (180\/3.14) * Atn2([u],[v])<\/li>\n<li>Meteorological Convention:\u00a0 (180\/3.14) * Atn2([u],[v])+180<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px\">Note: The formulas above are correct only if U and V are measured relative to a grid where true north consistently points straight up (e.g. no rotation). Otherwise, a convergence angle correction must be applied based on the projection of the data.<\/p>\n<ol start=\"10\">\n<li>Click <strong>OK<\/strong> to close the Expression Builder dialog.<\/li>\n<li>Click <strong>Geographic<\/strong> for the Rotation Style.<\/li>\n<li>Click <strong>OK<\/strong> on all dialog boxes.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>This image shows the Symbology tab and Symbol Selector with the steps marked to apply symbol rotation.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.esri.com\/arcgis-blog\/app\/uploads\/2013\/07\/Direction-Step-By-Step.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignmiddle  wp-image-29321\" src=\"https:\/\/www.esri.com\/arcgis-blog\/app\/uploads\/2013\/07\/Direction-Step-By-Step.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"622\" height=\"339\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p>This image shows the Expression Builder dialog with the steps marked to apply symbol rotation.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.esri.com\/arcgis-blog\/app\/uploads\/2013\/07\/Direction-Bottom-Part.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignmiddle size-full wp-image-29323\" src=\"https:\/\/www.esri.com\/arcgis-blog\/app\/uploads\/2013\/07\/Direction-Bottom-Part.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"792\" height=\"524\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p><strong>Displaying Speed<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Using a similar procedure, U and V components can be used to calculate and display wind or current speed in ArcMap.<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>Right-click the point layer in the table of contents.<\/li>\n<li>Click <strong>Properties<\/strong> and click the <strong>Symbology<\/strong> tab.<\/li>\n<li>Click <strong>Advanced<\/strong> and choose <strong>Size<\/strong> from the drop-down list.\u00a0 The Size dialog box opens.<\/li>\n<li>Choose &lt;expression&gt; in the drop-down list.<\/li>\n<li>Click the Expression Builder button to provide the expression to use for the size of the symbols.<\/li>\n<li>Specify the following for the expression: Sqr([u]**2 + [v]**2)<strong><\/strong>Tip:\u00a0 ArcMap assumes that the size of the symbol returned from the expression is in points (1\/72 of an inch).\u00a0 If the wind or current speeds are relatively low in your data, the symbols may be too small and cartographically unpleasing.\u00a0 You can adjust the size of the symbols by including a scaling factor in the formula.\u00a0 For example, Sqr([u]**2 + [v]**2) * 10 will increase the size of the symbols by a factor of 10.<\/li>\n<li>Click <strong>OK<\/strong> to close the Expression Builder dialog.<\/li>\n<li>Click <strong>OK<\/strong> on all dialog boxes.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n"}],"authors":[{"ID":5141,"user_firstname":"Kevin","user_lastname":"Butler","nickname":"Kevin Butler","user_nicename":"kevi6890","display_name":"Kevin Butler","user_email":"KButler@esri.com","user_url":"","user_registered":"2018-03-02 00:16:49","user_description":"Kevin Butler is a Product Engineer on Esri\u2019s Analysis and Geoprocessing Team working as a liaison to the science community.  He holds a Ph.D. in Geography from Kent State University.  Over the past decade he has worked on strategic projects, partnering with customers and other members of the science community to assist in the development of large ecological information products such as the ecological land units, ecological marine units and ecological coastal units.  His research interests include a thematic focus on spatial statistical analytical workflows, a methodological focus on spatial clustering techniques and a geographic focus on Puerto Rico and midwestern cities.","user_avatar":"<img alt='' src='https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/871537530afdee476917a9da0f9e9ac26665a4226ea71bee234efba5d2441ab2?s=96&#038;d=blank&#038;r=g' srcset='https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/871537530afdee476917a9da0f9e9ac26665a4226ea71bee234efba5d2441ab2?s=192&#038;d=blank&#038;r=g 2x' class='avatar avatar-96 photo' height='96' width='96' loading='lazy' decoding='async'\/>"}]},"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v25.9 (Yoast SEO v25.9) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>Displaying Speed and Direction Symbology from U and V vectors<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" 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He holds a Ph.D. in Geography from Kent State University. Over the past decade he has worked on strategic projects, partnering with customers and other members of the science community to assist in the development of large ecological information products such as the ecological land units, ecological marine units and ecological coastal units. His research interests include a thematic focus on spatial statistical analytical workflows, a methodological focus on spatial clustering techniques and a geographic focus on Puerto Rico and midwestern cities.","url":"https:\/\/www.esri.com\/arcgis-blog\/author\/kevi6890"}]}},"text_date":"July 17, 2013","author_name":"Kevin Butler","author_page":"https:\/\/www.esri.com\/arcgis-blog\/author\/kevi6890","custom_image":"https:\/\/www.esri.com\/arcgis-blog\/app\/uploads\/2025\/08\/Newsroom-Keyart-Wide-1920-x-1080.jpg","primary_product":false,"tag_data":[{"term_id":22821,"name":"oceans and maritime","slug":"oceans-and-maritime","term_group":0,"term_taxonomy_id":22821,"taxonomy":"post_tag","description":"","parent":0,"count":102,"filter":"raw"},{"term_id":23391,"name":"spatial analytics","slug":"spatial-analytics","term_group":0,"term_taxonomy_id":23391,"taxonomy":"post_tag","description":"","parent":0,"count":344,"filter":"raw"},{"term_id":29051,"name":"Vector","slug":"vector","term_group":0,"term_taxonomy_id":29051,"taxonomy":"post_tag","description":"","parent":0,"count":16,"filter":"raw"}],"category_data":[{"term_id":23341,"name":"Analytics","slug":"analytics","term_group":0,"term_taxonomy_id":23341,"taxonomy":"category","description":"","parent":0,"count":1329,"filter":"raw"},{"term_id":22771,"name":"Natural Resources","slug":"natural-resources","term_group":0,"term_taxonomy_id":22771,"taxonomy":"category","description":"","parent":0,"count":262,"filter":"raw"},{"term_id":23051,"name":"Water","slug":"water","term_group":0,"term_taxonomy_id":23051,"taxonomy":"category","description":"","parent":0,"count":463,"filter":"raw"}],"product_data":[],"primary_product_link":"https:\/\/www.esri.com\/arcgis-blog\/","_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.esri.com\/arcgis-blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/blog\/122891","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.esri.com\/arcgis-blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/blog"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.esri.com\/arcgis-blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/blog"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.esri.com\/arcgis-blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/5141"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.esri.com\/arcgis-blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=122891"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.esri.com\/arcgis-blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/blog\/122891\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.esri.com\/arcgis-blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=122891"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.esri.com\/arcgis-blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=122891"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.esri.com\/arcgis-blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=122891"},{"taxonomy":"industry","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.esri.com\/arcgis-blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/industry?post=122891"},{"taxonomy":"product","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.esri.com\/arcgis-blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/product?post=122891"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}