{"id":1581392,"date":"2022-08-01T05:27:49","date_gmt":"2022-08-01T12:27:49","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.esri.com\/arcgis-blog\/?post_type=blog&p=1581392"},"modified":"2024-07-23T06:15:11","modified_gmt":"2024-07-23T13:15:11","slug":"earths-satellites","status":"publish","type":"blog","link":"https:\/\/www.esri.com\/arcgis-blog\/products\/js-api-arcgis\/3d-gis\/earths-satellites","title":{"rendered":"Exploring Earth’s artificial satellites"},"author":7011,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"_searchwp_excluded":""},"categories":[23771],"tags":[25781,765222,29401],"industry":[],"product":[36831],"class_list":["post-1581392","blog","type-blog","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-3d-gis","tag-3d","tag-satellite-map","tag-web","product-js-api-arcgis"],"acf":{"authors":[{"ID":7011,"user_firstname":"Raluca","user_lastname":"Nicola","nickname":"Raluca Nicola","user_nicename":"raluca_zurich","display_name":"Raluca Nicola","user_email":"RNicola@esri.com","user_url":"https:\/\/raluca-nicola.net\/","user_registered":"2018-03-02 00:19:07","user_description":"Raluca works as a web cartographer with the Geo Experience Center team at Esri. She loves to play around with web technologies and visualization styles. If she's not in front of the computer, she's probably somewhere up in the mountains.","user_avatar":""}],"short_description":"Learn about Earth's artificial satellites, what are they used for, who owns them and how high up they orbit the Earth.","flexible_content":[{"acf_fc_layout":"content","content":"

Have you ever wondered what are satellites used for? \u00a0Who owns them? \u00a0Where do they orbit the Earth? \u00a0Let\u2019s try to answer these questions using SatelliteXplorer<\/a>, an application we built to visualize the active satellites that are orbiting the Earth. \u00a0If you are curious about how we built it, there is also a small section about that at the end of this blog. \u00a0For now, let\u2019s dive right into those questions!<\/p>\n"},{"acf_fc_layout":"content","content":"

Why do we use satellites? One main reason is navigation.\u00a0 We use global positioning system (GPS) satellites every time we get our current location or driving directions on our phone. \u00a0Besides the personal use, GPS can be found in almost any industry sector. Where exactly are these satellites across the sky? In the image below we can see all the orbits of satellites used for localization.<\/p>\n"},{"acf_fc_layout":"image","image":{"ID":1581412,"id":1581412,"title":"positioning-constellations-hires","filename":"positioning-constellations-hires.png","filesize":778449,"url":"https:\/\/www.esri.com\/arcgis-blog\/app\/uploads\/2022\/05\/positioning-constellations-hires.png","link":"https:\/\/www.esri.com\/arcgis-blog\/products\/js-api-arcgis\/3d-gis\/earths-satellites\/positioning-constellations-hires","alt":"Image of global positioning systems constellations","author":"7011","description":"","caption":"","name":"positioning-constellations-hires","status":"inherit","uploaded_to":1581392,"date":"2022-05-19 12:24:30","modified":"2022-05-19 12:33:20","menu_order":0,"mime_type":"image\/png","type":"image","subtype":"png","icon":"https:\/\/www.esri.com\/arcgis-blog\/wp-includes\/images\/media\/default.png","width":3000,"height":3000,"sizes":{"thumbnail":"https:\/\/www.esri.com\/arcgis-blog\/app\/uploads\/2022\/05\/positioning-constellations-hires-213x200.png","thumbnail-width":213,"thumbnail-height":200,"medium":"https:\/\/www.esri.com\/arcgis-blog\/app\/uploads\/2022\/05\/positioning-constellations-hires.png","medium-width":261,"medium-height":261,"medium_large":"https:\/\/www.esri.com\/arcgis-blog\/app\/uploads\/2022\/05\/positioning-constellations-hires.png","medium_large-width":768,"medium_large-height":768,"large":"https:\/\/www.esri.com\/arcgis-blog\/app\/uploads\/2022\/05\/positioning-constellations-hires.png","large-width":1080,"large-height":1080,"1536x1536":"https:\/\/www.esri.com\/arcgis-blog\/app\/uploads\/2022\/05\/positioning-constellations-hires-1536x1536.png","1536x1536-width":1536,"1536x1536-height":1536,"2048x2048":"https:\/\/www.esri.com\/arcgis-blog\/app\/uploads\/2022\/05\/positioning-constellations-hires-2048x2048.png","2048x2048-width":2048,"2048x2048-height":2048,"card_image":"https:\/\/www.esri.com\/arcgis-blog\/app\/uploads\/2022\/05\/positioning-constellations-hires-465x465.png","card_image-width":465,"card_image-height":465,"wide_image":"https:\/\/www.esri.com\/arcgis-blog\/app\/uploads\/2022\/05\/positioning-constellations-hires-1080x1080.png","wide_image-width":1080,"wide_image-height":1080}},"image_position":"center","orientation":"horizontal","hyperlink":""},{"acf_fc_layout":"content","content":"

Orbiting at 20,000 kilometers (12,000 miles) and higher, satellites have direct coverage of large parts of the Earth at once. These satellites are part of the medium earth orbit (MEO), so they are quite high, but there are orbits that go even higher! Just to give you an idea, when we fly in a plane, we fly as high as 14 kilometers (8.5 miles) above Earth.<\/p>\n"},{"acf_fc_layout":"image","image":{"ID":1581432,"id":1581432,"title":"positioning-constellations-hires","filename":"positioning-constellations-hires-scaled.jpg","filesize":410734,"url":"https:\/\/www.esri.com\/arcgis-blog\/app\/uploads\/2022\/05\/positioning-constellations-hires-scaled.jpg","link":"https:\/\/www.esri.com\/arcgis-blog\/products\/js-api-arcgis\/3d-gis\/earths-satellites\/positioning-constellations-hires-2","alt":"Various GPS constellations","author":"7011","description":"","caption":"GPS satellites are grouped together in constellations to always cover all the parts of the world. These constellations include NavStar GPS (USA), Galileo (Europe), Beidou (China) and Glonass (Russia).","name":"positioning-constellations-hires-2","status":"inherit","uploaded_to":1581392,"date":"2022-05-19 12:38:29","modified":"2022-05-19 12:40:17","menu_order":0,"mime_type":"image\/jpeg","type":"image","subtype":"jpeg","icon":"https:\/\/www.esri.com\/arcgis-blog\/wp-includes\/images\/media\/default.png","width":2560,"height":2560,"sizes":{"thumbnail":"https:\/\/www.esri.com\/arcgis-blog\/app\/uploads\/2022\/05\/positioning-constellations-hires-213x200.jpg","thumbnail-width":213,"thumbnail-height":200,"medium":"https:\/\/www.esri.com\/arcgis-blog\/app\/uploads\/2022\/05\/positioning-constellations-hires-scaled.jpg","medium-width":261,"medium-height":261,"medium_large":"https:\/\/www.esri.com\/arcgis-blog\/app\/uploads\/2022\/05\/positioning-constellations-hires-scaled.jpg","medium_large-width":768,"medium_large-height":768,"large":"https:\/\/www.esri.com\/arcgis-blog\/app\/uploads\/2022\/05\/positioning-constellations-hires-scaled.jpg","large-width":1080,"large-height":1080,"1536x1536":"https:\/\/www.esri.com\/arcgis-blog\/app\/uploads\/2022\/05\/positioning-constellations-hires-1536x1536.jpg","1536x1536-width":1536,"1536x1536-height":1536,"2048x2048":"https:\/\/www.esri.com\/arcgis-blog\/app\/uploads\/2022\/05\/positioning-constellations-hires-2048x2048.jpg","2048x2048-width":2048,"2048x2048-height":2048,"card_image":"https:\/\/www.esri.com\/arcgis-blog\/app\/uploads\/2022\/05\/positioning-constellations-hires-465x465.jpg","card_image-width":465,"card_image-height":465,"wide_image":"https:\/\/www.esri.com\/arcgis-blog\/app\/uploads\/2022\/05\/positioning-constellations-hires-1080x1080.jpg","wide_image-width":1080,"wide_image-height":1080}},"image_position":"center","orientation":"horizontal","hyperlink":""},{"acf_fc_layout":"content","content":"

Another important use of satellites is earth observation. For example, taking regular satellite images of the Earth is useful for environmental monitoring, agriculture, fishing, urban planning and meteorology, just to name a few applications. The weather predictions that we check every day couldn\u2019t be made without information from earth observation satellites.<\/p>\n

One of the more famous programs for earth observation satellites is Landsat<\/a>. It is a joint program between NASA and USGS and it has continuously acquired images of the planet\u2019s surface since 1972, making it the longest continuous space-based record of earth\u2019s land in existence. \u00a0The Landsat program currently has three operational satellites that collect data: Landsat 7, 8 and 9.<\/p>\n"},{"acf_fc_layout":"image","image":{"ID":1581452,"id":1581452,"title":"Screenshot 2022-05-19 at 14.44.06","filename":"Screenshot-2022-05-19-at-14.44.06.png","filesize":476263,"url":"https:\/\/www.esri.com\/arcgis-blog\/app\/uploads\/2022\/05\/Screenshot-2022-05-19-at-14.44.06.png","link":"https:\/\/www.esri.com\/arcgis-blog\/products\/js-api-arcgis\/3d-gis\/earths-satellites\/screenshot-2022-05-19-at-14-44-06","alt":"Image of Landsat 9 orbiting the Earth","author":"7011","description":"","caption":"In SatelliteXplorer you can follow Landsat 9 as it orbits the Earth.","name":"screenshot-2022-05-19-at-14-44-06","status":"inherit","uploaded_to":1581392,"date":"2022-05-19 12:44:34","modified":"2022-05-19 12:52:18","menu_order":0,"mime_type":"image\/png","type":"image","subtype":"png","icon":"https:\/\/www.esri.com\/arcgis-blog\/wp-includes\/images\/media\/default.png","width":2868,"height":1778,"sizes":{"thumbnail":"https:\/\/www.esri.com\/arcgis-blog\/app\/uploads\/2022\/05\/Screenshot-2022-05-19-at-14.44.06-213x200.png","thumbnail-width":213,"thumbnail-height":200,"medium":"https:\/\/www.esri.com\/arcgis-blog\/app\/uploads\/2022\/05\/Screenshot-2022-05-19-at-14.44.06.png","medium-width":421,"medium-height":261,"medium_large":"https:\/\/www.esri.com\/arcgis-blog\/app\/uploads\/2022\/05\/Screenshot-2022-05-19-at-14.44.06.png","medium_large-width":768,"medium_large-height":476,"large":"https:\/\/www.esri.com\/arcgis-blog\/app\/uploads\/2022\/05\/Screenshot-2022-05-19-at-14.44.06.png","large-width":1742,"large-height":1080,"1536x1536":"https:\/\/www.esri.com\/arcgis-blog\/app\/uploads\/2022\/05\/Screenshot-2022-05-19-at-14.44.06-1536x952.png","1536x1536-width":1536,"1536x1536-height":952,"2048x2048":"https:\/\/www.esri.com\/arcgis-blog\/app\/uploads\/2022\/05\/Screenshot-2022-05-19-at-14.44.06-2048x1270.png","2048x2048-width":2048,"2048x2048-height":1270,"card_image":"https:\/\/www.esri.com\/arcgis-blog\/app\/uploads\/2022\/05\/Screenshot-2022-05-19-at-14.44.06-750x465.png","card_image-width":750,"card_image-height":465,"wide_image":"https:\/\/www.esri.com\/arcgis-blog\/app\/uploads\/2022\/05\/Screenshot-2022-05-19-at-14.44.06-1742x1080.png","wide_image-width":1742,"wide_image-height":1080}},"image_position":"center","orientation":"horizontal","hyperlink":"https:\/\/geoxc-apps.bd.esri.com\/space\/satellite-explorer\/#norad=49260"},{"acf_fc_layout":"content","content":"

Most of the operational satellites currently orbiting the Earth are used for communication purposes like broadcasting television and radio signals, as well as providing internet service. In recent years, launching communication satellites in the lower earth orbit has become a thriving business. Communications providers, SpaceX and OneWeb are the two companies with the largest number of satellites with a goal to provide fast internet for everyone.<\/p>\n"},{"acf_fc_layout":"image","image":{"ID":1581462,"id":1581462,"title":"owners","filename":"owners-scaled.jpg","filesize":364535,"url":"https:\/\/www.esri.com\/arcgis-blog\/app\/uploads\/2022\/05\/owners-scaled.jpg","link":"https:\/\/www.esri.com\/arcgis-blog\/products\/js-api-arcgis\/3d-gis\/earths-satellites\/owners","alt":"Image of SpaceX and OneWeb constellations","author":"7011","description":"","caption":"SpaceX and OneWeb own around 50% of all the active satellites out there.","name":"owners","status":"inherit","uploaded_to":1581392,"date":"2022-05-19 12:46:53","modified":"2022-05-19 12:47:27","menu_order":0,"mime_type":"image\/jpeg","type":"image","subtype":"jpeg","icon":"https:\/\/www.esri.com\/arcgis-blog\/wp-includes\/images\/media\/default.png","width":2560,"height":1283,"sizes":{"thumbnail":"https:\/\/www.esri.com\/arcgis-blog\/app\/uploads\/2022\/05\/owners-213x200.jpg","thumbnail-width":213,"thumbnail-height":200,"medium":"https:\/\/www.esri.com\/arcgis-blog\/app\/uploads\/2022\/05\/owners-scaled.jpg","medium-width":464,"medium-height":233,"medium_large":"https:\/\/www.esri.com\/arcgis-blog\/app\/uploads\/2022\/05\/owners-scaled.jpg","medium_large-width":768,"medium_large-height":385,"large":"https:\/\/www.esri.com\/arcgis-blog\/app\/uploads\/2022\/05\/owners-scaled.jpg","large-width":1920,"large-height":962,"1536x1536":"https:\/\/www.esri.com\/arcgis-blog\/app\/uploads\/2022\/05\/owners-1536x770.jpg","1536x1536-width":1536,"1536x1536-height":770,"2048x2048":"https:\/\/www.esri.com\/arcgis-blog\/app\/uploads\/2022\/05\/owners-2048x1026.jpg","2048x2048-width":2048,"2048x2048-height":1026,"card_image":"https:\/\/www.esri.com\/arcgis-blog\/app\/uploads\/2022\/05\/owners-826x414.jpg","card_image-width":826,"card_image-height":414,"wide_image":"https:\/\/www.esri.com\/arcgis-blog\/app\/uploads\/2022\/05\/owners-1920x962.jpg","wide_image-width":1920,"wide_image-height":962}},"image_position":"center","orientation":"horizontal","hyperlink":""},{"acf_fc_layout":"content","content":"

Approximately 75 countries have at least one operational satellite in space. However, most of the satellites orbiting earth are owned by companies and organizations in the USA.<\/p>\n

Now, let\u2019s look into the altitude at which satellites orbit the Earth. Most satellites are in the low earth orbit (LEO) of 2,000 kilometers (1,250 miles) about the surface. Some satellites can orbit as low as 160 kilometers, but the majority of them are higher up.<\/p>\n

Why is LEO such a popular region for satellites? First, it\u2019s quicker and cheaper to launch satellites in LEO. For imagery satellites, it\u2019s important that they are close to Earth so that they can take high-resolution images. For internet providers, being close to Earth allows for faster upload and download speeds and lower latency. However, communication satellites in LEO can only work as part of large constellations, creating a net around Earth to be able to cover all of its surface at any point in time. The International Space Station is also in LEO, making it easier for astronauts to travel to and from the facility at a shorter distance.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n"},{"acf_fc_layout":"image","image":{"ID":1581482,"id":1581482,"title":"orbit-regions-stats","filename":"orbit-regions-stats-scaled-e1652967446982.jpg","filesize":139956,"url":"https:\/\/www.esri.com\/arcgis-blog\/app\/uploads\/2022\/05\/orbit-regions-stats-scaled-e1652967446982.jpg","link":"https:\/\/www.esri.com\/arcgis-blog\/products\/js-api-arcgis\/3d-gis\/earths-satellites\/orbit-regions-stats","alt":"Image showing orbital regions","author":"7011","description":"","caption":"Orbital regions and the number of satellites in each region","name":"orbit-regions-stats","status":"inherit","uploaded_to":1581392,"date":"2022-05-19 12:54:30","modified":"2022-05-27 12:15:29","menu_order":0,"mime_type":"image\/jpeg","type":"image","subtype":"jpeg","icon":"https:\/\/www.esri.com\/arcgis-blog\/wp-includes\/images\/media\/default.png","width":2560,"height":1702,"sizes":{"thumbnail":"https:\/\/www.esri.com\/arcgis-blog\/app\/uploads\/2022\/05\/orbit-regions-stats-scaled-e1652967446982-213x200.jpg","thumbnail-width":213,"thumbnail-height":200,"medium":"https:\/\/www.esri.com\/arcgis-blog\/app\/uploads\/2022\/05\/orbit-regions-stats-scaled-e1652967446982-393x261.jpg","medium-width":393,"medium-height":261,"medium_large":"https:\/\/www.esri.com\/arcgis-blog\/app\/uploads\/2022\/05\/orbit-regions-stats-scaled-e1652967446982-768x511.jpg","medium_large-width":768,"medium_large-height":511,"large":"https:\/\/www.esri.com\/arcgis-blog\/app\/uploads\/2022\/05\/orbit-regions-stats-scaled-e1652967446982-1624x1080.jpg","large-width":1624,"large-height":1080,"1536x1536":"https:\/\/www.esri.com\/arcgis-blog\/app\/uploads\/2022\/05\/orbit-regions-stats-scaled-e1652967446982-1536x1021.jpg","1536x1536-width":1536,"1536x1536-height":1021,"2048x2048":"https:\/\/www.esri.com\/arcgis-blog\/app\/uploads\/2022\/05\/orbit-regions-stats-scaled-e1652967446982-2048x1362.jpg","2048x2048-width":2048,"2048x2048-height":1362,"card_image":"https:\/\/www.esri.com\/arcgis-blog\/app\/uploads\/2022\/05\/orbit-regions-stats-scaled-e1652967446982-699x465.jpg","card_image-width":699,"card_image-height":465,"wide_image":"https:\/\/www.esri.com\/arcgis-blog\/app\/uploads\/2022\/05\/orbit-regions-stats-scaled-e1652967446982-1624x1080.jpg","wide_image-width":1624,"wide_image-height":1080}},"image_position":"center","orientation":"horizontal","hyperlink":""},{"acf_fc_layout":"content","content":"

Medium earth orbit (MEO) is a very large region, but with far fewer satellites. The global positioning satellites we looked at in the beginning of this post typically orbit in this region.<\/p>\n

Geostationary orbit (GEO) is very popular and, because it is such a small region, it is also very crowded. Satellites in this orbit circle Earth above the equator from west to east, following Earth\u2019s rotation. This makes them appear stationary over a fixed position. GEO is used by satellites that need to stay constantly above one particular place over Earth, such as telecommunication satellites. This way, an antenna on Earth can be fixed to always stay pointed towards that satellite without moving.<\/p>\n

From helping us navigate to a location to providing the signals for our nightly news, we rely on the thousands of satellites orbiting the earth in our modern lives.\u00a0 This application can help us more clearly understand their place above our world.<\/p>\n"},{"acf_fc_layout":"sidebar","content":"

Behind the scenes: How we built SatelliteXplorer.<\/em><\/p>\n

The core technology behind this application is ArcGIS API for JavaScript<\/a>. The positions for the satellites are calculated using satellite.js<\/a>, a library for calculating satellite positions based on the sgp4 model and orbital data provided by Celestrak<\/a>. The orbits are precalculated and stored as a feature layer, but the live positions for individual satellites are calculated at runtime. The orbital data is updated weekly using an ArcGIS Notebook<\/a>. The attributes for the satellites are part of the UCS Satellite Database<\/a>. If you want to know even more about the project, the code is publicly available on GitHub<\/a>.<\/p>\n

Disclaimer: there might be satellites that are not displayed because of missing metadata in the sources mentioned above.<\/p>\n","image_reference":false,"layout":"standard","image_reference_figure":"","snippet":"","spotlight_name":"","section_title":"","position":"Center","spotlight_image":false}],"related_articles":[{"ID":1487212,"post_author":"7071","post_date":"2022-02-24 06:47:56","post_date_gmt":"2022-02-24 14:47:56","post_content":"","post_title":"Landsat Nine: The Legacy Continues","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"landsat-nine-the-legacy-continues","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2022-08-25 09:29:55","post_modified_gmt":"2022-08-25 16:29:55","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/www.esri.com\/arcgis-blog\/?post_type=blog&p=1487212","menu_order":0,"post_type":"blog","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"card_image":"https:\/\/www.esri.com\/arcgis-blog\/app\/uploads\/2022\/05\/card-image.png","wide_image":"https:\/\/www.esri.com\/arcgis-blog\/app\/uploads\/2022\/05\/banner-1.png"},"yoast_head":"\nExploring Earth's artificial satellites<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Learn about Earth's artificial satellites, what are they used for, who owns them and how high up they orbit the Earth.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.esri.com\/arcgis-blog\/products\/js-api-arcgis\/3d-gis\/earths-satellites\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" 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