{"id":2696802,"date":"2025-02-21T13:54:30","date_gmt":"2025-02-21T21:54:30","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.esri.com\/arcgis-blog\/?post_type=blog&#038;p=2696802"},"modified":"2025-02-21T15:47:48","modified_gmt":"2025-02-21T23:47:48","slug":"earths-hottest-line-mapping-the-thermal-equator","status":"publish","type":"blog","link":"https:\/\/www.esri.com\/arcgis-blog\/products\/arcgis-pro\/analytics\/earths-hottest-line-mapping-the-thermal-equator","title":{"rendered":"Earth&#8217;s Hottest Line: Mapping the Thermal Equator"},"author":5141,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"_searchwp_excluded":""},"categories":[23341],"tags":[],"industry":[],"product":[36561],"class_list":["post-2696802","blog","type-blog","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-analytics","product-arcgis-pro"],"acf":{"authors":[{"ID":5141,"user_firstname":"Kevin","user_lastname":"Butler","nickname":"Kevin Butler","user_nicename":"kevi6890","display_name":"Kevin Butler","user_email":"KButler@esri.com","user_url":"","user_registered":"2018-03-02 00:16:49","user_description":"Kevin Butler is a Product Engineer on Esri\u2019s Analysis and Geoprocessing Team working as a liaison to the science community.  He holds a Ph.D. in Geography from Kent State University.  Over the past decade he has worked on strategic projects, partnering with customers and other members of the science community to assist in the development of large ecological information products such as the ecological land units, ecological marine units and ecological coastal units.  His research interests include a thematic focus on spatial statistical analytical workflows, a methodological focus on spatial clustering techniques and a geographic focus on Puerto Rico and midwestern cities.","user_avatar":"<img alt='' src='https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/871537530afdee476917a9da0f9e9ac26665a4226ea71bee234efba5d2441ab2?s=96&#038;d=blank&#038;r=g' srcset='https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/871537530afdee476917a9da0f9e9ac26665a4226ea71bee234efba5d2441ab2?s=192&#038;d=blank&#038;r=g 2x' class='avatar avatar-96 photo' height='96' width='96' loading='lazy' decoding='async'\/>"},{"ID":315222,"user_firstname":"Mark","user_lastname":"Gilbert","nickname":"Mark Gilbert","user_nicename":"mgilbert","display_name":"Mark Gilbert","user_email":"MGilbert@esri.com","user_url":"","user_registered":"2022-07-18 21:29:07","user_description":"Mark is a Principle GIS Engineer on the Living Atlas Environment team in Redlands, CA. He currently supports projects related to global climate projections and local climate resilience planning and mitigation using online data. He relies heavily on Python and Jupyter Notebooks to process raster datasets in his daily work. Previous experience in aerospace engineering and information technology helps him improve and automate global data processing workflows. Feel free to contact Mark at mgilbert@esri.com with questions or comments.","user_avatar":"<img data-del=\"avatar\" src='https:\/\/www.esri.com\/arcgis-blog\/app\/uploads\/2022\/08\/Mark-15-213x200.jpg' class='avatar pp-user-avatar avatar-96 photo ' height='96' width='96'\/>"}],"short_description":"An ArcGIS Pro workflow to delineate the thermal equator.","flexible_content":[{"acf_fc_layout":"content","content":"<p>When we think of the equator, we typically picture the line splitting the Earth into northern and southern hemispheres. But there&#8217;s at least one other equator\u2014the thermal equator. The Glossary of Meteorology (AMS) defines it as &#8220;the line that circumscribes the Earth and connects all points of highest mean annual temperature for their longitudes.&#8221; It&#8217;s a dynamic boundary shaped by Earth&#8217;s complex climate patterns.<\/p>\n<p>In a recent Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society <a href=\"https:\/\/journals.ametsoc.org\/view\/journals\/bams\/105\/6\/BAMS-D-23-0214.1.xml\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">article<\/a>, McKay and Cintron created a map of the thermal equator for Earth and, remarkably, Mars. Inspired by their work, I wondered, &#8220;How could I replicate that using ArcGIS?&#8221; This blog outlines the process of creating a <em>similar<\/em> map. The thermal equator is important for ecosystem delineation, helpful in comparing climate models, and aiding our understanding of global temperature patterns.<\/p>\n"},{"acf_fc_layout":"image","image":{"ID":2696822,"id":2696822,"title":"thermal_equator","filename":"thermal_equator.png","filesize":278420,"url":"https:\/\/www.esri.com\/arcgis-blog\/app\/uploads\/2025\/02\/thermal_equator.png","link":"https:\/\/www.esri.com\/arcgis-blog\/products\/arcgis-pro\/analytics\/earths-hottest-line-mapping-the-thermal-equator\/thermal_equator","alt":"","author":"5141","description":"","caption":"Thermal equator delineated along one-degree lines of longitude from CHLSEA V2.1 maximum temperature data (Karger et al. (2017).","name":"thermal_equator","status":"inherit","uploaded_to":2696802,"date":"2025-02-21 21:02:32","modified":"2025-02-21 21:03:05","menu_order":0,"mime_type":"image\/png","type":"image","subtype":"png","icon":"https:\/\/www.esri.com\/arcgis-blog\/wp-includes\/images\/media\/default.png","width":587,"height":294,"sizes":{"thumbnail":"https:\/\/www.esri.com\/arcgis-blog\/app\/uploads\/2025\/02\/thermal_equator-213x200.png","thumbnail-width":213,"thumbnail-height":200,"medium":"https:\/\/www.esri.com\/arcgis-blog\/app\/uploads\/2025\/02\/thermal_equator.png","medium-width":464,"medium-height":232,"medium_large":"https:\/\/www.esri.com\/arcgis-blog\/app\/uploads\/2025\/02\/thermal_equator.png","medium_large-width":587,"medium_large-height":294,"large":"https:\/\/www.esri.com\/arcgis-blog\/app\/uploads\/2025\/02\/thermal_equator.png","large-width":587,"large-height":294,"1536x1536":"https:\/\/www.esri.com\/arcgis-blog\/app\/uploads\/2025\/02\/thermal_equator.png","1536x1536-width":587,"1536x1536-height":294,"2048x2048":"https:\/\/www.esri.com\/arcgis-blog\/app\/uploads\/2025\/02\/thermal_equator.png","2048x2048-width":587,"2048x2048-height":294,"card_image":"https:\/\/www.esri.com\/arcgis-blog\/app\/uploads\/2025\/02\/thermal_equator.png","card_image-width":587,"card_image-height":294,"wide_image":"https:\/\/www.esri.com\/arcgis-blog\/app\/uploads\/2025\/02\/thermal_equator.png","wide_image-width":587,"wide_image-height":294}},"image_position":"center","orientation":"horizontal","hyperlink":""},{"acf_fc_layout":"content","content":"<p>The thermal equator is far from a smooth, continuous line; instead, it exhibits a jagged, meandering path that reflects the complexity of Earth&#8217;s temperature patterns. It shifts dramatically across longitudes, with a notable leap northward to Death Valley in the Western U.S. Sharp deviations in Africa and South America may be due to the interplay between topography and climate. Conversely, the smoother stretches over oceans show the relative thermal stability of water compared to land.<\/p>\n"},{"acf_fc_layout":"content","content":"<p><strong>Things you can try<\/strong><strong>:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>This blog delineates the thermal equator at one-degree longitude intervals. For a more refined equator, repeat this workflow using one-half or one-quarter intervals.<\/li>\n<li>Delineate the thermal equator using other datasets (including climate projections) to see how they compare.<\/li>\n<li>What about precipitation? Is there a precipitation (pluvial) equator?<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n"},{"acf_fc_layout":"content","content":"<p><strong>Workflow to Delineate the Thermal Equator Using ArcGIS<\/strong><\/p>\n<ol>\n<li><strong>Convert Longitude Lines to Raster<br \/>\n<\/strong>Tool: <strong>Feature to Raster<\/strong><br \/>\nPurpose: Convert longitude lines to raster. This raster will be used to extract temperature values along longitude lines in the next step.<br \/>\nKey Parameters:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Input features: longitude_lines\u2014 Available <a href=\"https:\/\/analysis-1.maps.arcgis.com\/home\/item.html?id=e06d4c3eb4904a4bb286d1298ed30f7f#overview\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">here<\/a>.<\/li>\n<li>Field: VALUE<\/li>\n<li>Output raster: Feature_long1<\/li>\n<li>Output cell size: CHLSEA_bio1_1981-2010_V.2.1.tif<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><strong>Extract Maximum Temperatures Along Longitude Lines<\/strong><br \/>\nTool: <strong>Zonal Statistics<\/strong><br \/>\nPurpose: Identify the maximum annual temperature for each 1-degree line of longitude.<br \/>\nKey Parameters:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Input Raster or Feature Zone Data: Feature_long1<\/li>\n<li>Zone field: Value<\/li>\n<li>\u00a0Input Value Raster: CHELSA_bio1_1981-2010_V.2.1.tif \u2014 Available <a href=\"https:\/\/chelsa-climate.org\/bioclim\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">here<\/a>. (Click on the Version 2.1 button, then browse this directory structure (Climatologies | 1981-2010 | bio)<\/li>\n<li>Output raster: ZonalSt_long1<\/li>\n<li>Statistics type: MAXIMUM<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><strong>Identify Cells Matching Maximum Temperature<\/strong><br \/>\nTool: <strong>Equal To<\/strong><br \/>\nPurpose: Highlight raster cells that match the maximum temperature along each line of longitude.<br \/>\nKey Parameters:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Input raster 1: CHELSA_bio1_1981-2010_V.2.1.tif<\/li>\n<li>Input raster 2: \u00a0ZonalSt_long1<\/li>\n<li>Output raster: EqualTo_CHEL1<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><strong>Select Only those Cells Matching Maximum Temperature<\/strong><br \/>\nTool: <strong>Select Layer By Attribute<\/strong><br \/>\nPurpose: The Equal To tool creates a raster containing a value of 1 if a cell is equal to the maximum temperature. Otherwise, the raster contains a zero. Select only those locations where the maximum temperature occurred.<br \/>\nKey Parameters:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Input Rows: EqualTo_CHEL1<\/li>\n<li>Expression: Where Value is equal to 1<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><strong>Convert Maximum Temperature Cells to Points<\/strong><br \/>\nTool: <strong>Raster to Point<\/strong><br \/>\nPurpose: Create point features from raster cells representing the maximum temperature.<br \/>\nKey Parameters:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Input raster: EqualTo_CHEL1<\/li>\n<li>Output feature class: hottest_points<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><strong>Calculate Geometry Attributes<\/strong><br \/>\nTool: <strong>Calculate Geometry Attributes<\/strong><br \/>\nPurpose: Add latitude and longitude attributes to the points.<br \/>\nKey Parameters:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Input features: hottest_points<\/li>\n<li>Geometry Attributes (field, property)<br \/>\nlatitude Point y-coordinate<br \/>\nlongitude Point x-coordinate<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><strong>Calculate Distance from Equator (absolute latitude)<br \/>\n<\/strong>Tool: <strong>Calculate Field<\/strong><br \/>\nPurpose: The maximum temperature value may occur along each longitude at multiple locations. If so, we must choose only one point to draw the thermal equator. We will select the point closest to the equator (a form of smoothing).<br \/>\nKey Parameters:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Input Table: hottest_points<\/li>\n<li>Field Name: abs_latitude<\/li>\n<li>Expression Type: Arcade<\/li>\n<li>Expression: Abs($feature.latitude)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><strong>Sort Points by Distance from the Equator and Longitude<br \/>\n<\/strong>Tool: <strong>Sort<\/strong><br \/>\nPurpose: Places the points in ascending order by longitude and, within each longitude, in ascending order by distance from the equator. This prepares the feature class for summarization in the next step.<br \/>\nKey Parameters:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Input Dataset: hottest_points<\/li>\n<li>Output Dataset: hottest_points_Sort<\/li>\n<li>Fields (Sort Field, Sort Method): longitude Ascending; abs_latitude Ascending<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><strong>Summarize Locations where maximum temperature occurs more than once along a single longitude<\/strong><br \/>\nTool: <strong>Summary<\/strong> <strong>Statistics<\/strong><br \/>\nPurpose: When the maximum temperature occurs more than once along the same line of longitude, find the latitude closest to the equator.<br \/>\nKey Parameters:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Input table: hottest_points_Sort<\/li>\n<li>Output table: hottest_points_Statistics<\/li>\n<li>Statistics: longitude First; latitude First; abs_latitude First<\/li>\n<li>Case field: longitude<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><strong>Create Points from the Summary Table<br \/>\n<\/strong>Tool: <strong>XY Table To Point<\/strong><br \/>\nPurpose: Convert the summarized latitude and longitude values back to points for subsequent conversion to a line.<br \/>\nKey Parameters:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Input Table: hottest_points_Statistics<\/li>\n<li>Output Feature Class: thermal_equator_points<\/li>\n<li>X Field: FIRST_longitude<\/li>\n<li>Y Field: FIRST_latitude<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><strong>Convert Points to a Line<\/strong><br \/>\nTool: <strong>Points to Line<\/strong><br \/>\nPurpose: Connect the points along longitudes with the highest mean annual maximum temperature to create the thermal equator.<br \/>\nKey Parameters:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Input features: thermal_equator_points<\/li>\n<li>Output feature class: thermal_equator<\/li>\n<li>Sort field: longitude<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n"},{"acf_fc_layout":"content","content":"<ul>\n<li>Karger, D.N., Conrad, O., B\u00f6hner, J., Kawohl, T., Kreft, H., Soria-Auza, R.W., Zimmermann, N.E., Linder, P., Kessler, M. (2017). Climatologies at high resolution for the Earth land surface areas. Scientific Data. 4 170122. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/sdata.2017.122<\/li>\n<li>Karger D.N., Conrad, O., B\u00f6hner, J., Kawohl, T., Kreft, H., Soria-Auza, R.W., Zimmermann, N.E,, Linder, H.P., Kessler, M.. Data from: Climatologies at high resolution for the Earth&#8217;s land surface areas. Dryad Digital Repository.http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/doi:10.5061\/dryad.kd1d4<\/li>\n<li>McKay, C. P., &amp; Cintron, M. N. (2024). The Thermal Equator on Earth and Mars. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, 105(6), E1015-E1021.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n"}],"related_articles":"","show_article_image":false,"card_image":"https:\/\/www.esri.com\/arcgis-blog\/app\/uploads\/2023\/12\/urban_heat_card.png","wide_image":false},"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v25.9 (Yoast SEO v25.9) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>Earth&#039;s Hottest Line: Mapping the Thermal Equator<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.esri.com\/arcgis-blog\/products\/arcgis-pro\/analytics\/earths-hottest-line-mapping-the-thermal-equator\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Earth&#039;s Hottest Line: Mapping the Thermal Equator\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" 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