{"id":78471,"date":"2017-07-17T13:34:55","date_gmt":"2017-07-17T13:34:55","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.esri.com\/arcgis-blog\/products\/product\/uncategorized\/how-to-electo-cubo-gram\/"},"modified":"2018-03-26T21:13:55","modified_gmt":"2018-03-26T21:13:55","slug":"how-to-electo-cubo-gram","status":"publish","type":"blog","link":"https:\/\/www.esri.com\/arcgis-blog\/products\/analytics\/analytics\/how-to-electo-cubo-gram","title":{"rendered":"How-To: Electo-Cubo-Gram"},"author":6971,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"_searchwp_excluded":""},"categories":[23341,22941],"tags":[23201,29481,32331,23391,27911],"industry":[],"product":[36561],"class_list":["post-78471","blog","type-blog","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-analytics","category-mapping","tag-cartographic-design","tag-elections","tag-how-to","tag-spatial-analytics","tag-tutorial","product-arcgis-pro"],"acf":{"short_description":"Here is a cartogram showing the comparative number of Electoral College votes per state, and how they voted in the 2016 US Presidential E...","flexible_content":[{"acf_fc_layout":"content","content":"<p>Here is a cartogram showing the comparative number of Electoral College votes per state, and how they voted in the 2016 US Presidential Election.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.esri.com\/arcgis-blog\/app\/uploads\/2017\/07\/ElectoCuboGram.jpg\" target=\"_blank\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-83533\" src=\"https:\/\/www.esri.com\/arcgis-blog\/app\/uploads\/2017\/07\/ElectoCuboGram.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"3000\" height=\"1909\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p>This cartogram was created entirely in ArcGIS Pro. Let&#8217;s peel back the covers and take it step by step&#8230;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\"><strong>Tessellation<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Here is a map in ArcGIS Pro roughly showing the extent of the Untied States (excluding Alaska and Hawaii, but don&#8217;t worry -we won&#8217;t those bastions of beauty).<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.esri.com\/arcgis-blog\/app\/uploads\/2017\/07\/1Extent.png\" target=\"_blank\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-83534 noIMGBackground\" src=\"https:\/\/www.esri.com\/arcgis-blog\/app\/uploads\/2017\/07\/1Extent.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1040\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p>Next, run the &#8220;Generate Tessellation&#8221; tool. Choose a cell size so that 50 or so hexagons will fit roughly over the US.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.esri.com\/arcgis-blog\/app\/uploads\/2017\/07\/2Tessellate.png\" target=\"_blank\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-83536 noIMGBackground\" src=\"https:\/\/www.esri.com\/arcgis-blog\/app\/uploads\/2017\/07\/2Tessellate.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1040\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p>The default orientation of the hexagon tessellation is horizontal (pointy bits go sideways). But they look cooler in a vertical orientation (pointy bits point up and down), so I rotated the layer 90 degrees via the draw tools.<\/p>\n<p>Next, pare back unwanted hexagons so that you only have hexagons that logically correspond to the general location of states. This is some manual work and represents a fair bit of whiteboarding and puzzling. But have fun with it. I used the <a href=\"http:\/\/blog.apps.npr.org\/2015\/05\/11\/hex-tile-maps.html\" target=\"_blank\">NPR<\/a> data team&#8217;s tessellation as a starting point and made a couple tweaks, as I recall.<\/p>\n<p>Then, assign a unique state key (I chose the two-letter state abbreviation) and attach election attributes to your new &#8220;states&#8221; via the &#8220;join by attribute&#8221; tool. It&#8217;s ALIVE!!<\/p>\n<p>You can download this starter hex cartogram as a shapefile <a href=\"https:\/\/www.dropbox.com\/s\/21elkdlnllxd1dy\/US_HexCartogram.zip?dl=0\" target=\"_blank\">here<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.esri.com\/arcgis-blog\/app\/uploads\/2017\/07\/3Keep50.png\" target=\"_blank\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-83535 noIMGBackground\" src=\"https:\/\/www.esri.com\/arcgis-blog\/app\/uploads\/2017\/07\/3Keep50.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1040\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p>We can dispense with the now-distracting basemap. But I&#8217;d like these hexagons to pop off the background a little bit, with a drop-shadow effect. This can be done using a Gradient Stroke for a copy of the hexagons layer, dragged beneath everything. With a really thick stroke, give it a starting color of opaque black which transitions to fully transparent black. Presto! A shadow.<\/p>\n<p>It&#8217;s important to do this stuff in a Layout tab rather than a Map tab from here on out, so that the graphic sizes fit into a consistent size (rather than re-sizing if you zoom in and out).<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.esri.com\/arcgis-blog\/app\/uploads\/2017\/07\/4DropShadow.png\" target=\"_blank\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-83537 noIMGBackground\" src=\"https:\/\/www.esri.com\/arcgis-blog\/app\/uploads\/2017\/07\/4DropShadow.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1040\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\"><strong>Proportional Symbols<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Now that the hexagonal base is in place, it&#8217;s time to start wielding some GIS magic on these states. To represent the number of each state&#8217;s electoral college votes, I converted the hexagon polygons into centroids, using the Feature to Point tool. Point symbols will be easier to style. Assigning a hexagon point <em>symbol<\/em> is a clever trick to make your hexagons appear scaled.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.esri.com\/arcgis-blog\/app\/uploads\/2017\/07\/5Electors.png\" target=\"_blank\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-83538 noIMGBackground\" src=\"https:\/\/www.esri.com\/arcgis-blog\/app\/uploads\/2017\/07\/5Electors.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1040\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p>How to symbolize them this way? I choose a Unique Value method of symbolizing these points, Democrat-winning states I assign a blue color and Republican-winning states I assign a red color.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.esri.com\/arcgis-blog\/app\/uploads\/2017\/07\/6UniqueValuesWinner.png\" target=\"_blank\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-83539 noIMGBackground\" src=\"https:\/\/www.esri.com\/arcgis-blog\/app\/uploads\/2017\/07\/6UniqueValuesWinner.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1040\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p>Then, via the little hamburger menu at the top of the Symbology panel, I chose Vary Symbology by Attribute, to tie the size of these colored point symbols by yet another data dimension: Electoral College votes.<\/p>\n<p>The result is a bivariate symbol. Bivariate means the features are symbolized by two data attributes at the same time. Color denotes the winning party, size denotes the number of Electoral College votes. &#8220;Who and How Much.&#8221; In one go. Nice.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.esri.com\/arcgis-blog\/app\/uploads\/2017\/07\/7Electors.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-83540 noIMGBackground\" src=\"https:\/\/www.esri.com\/arcgis-blog\/app\/uploads\/2017\/07\/7Electors.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1040\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\"><strong>Graphical Shenanigans<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>But what is a hexagon but just a cube viewed from a certain angle? To sauce this cartogram up a bit, and push it from just another hexagonal cartogram into a&#8230;cubic cartogram&#8230;I drew a little reflective angle graphic and used it as a Picture Symbol for a copy of the hexagon centerpoints that I dragged to the top of the layers. Here is the cube foreground (you can right-click this and save it for yourself it you like)&#8230;<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.esri.com\/arcgis-blog\/app\/uploads\/2017\/07\/CubeFront.png\" target=\"_blank\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-83541 noIMGBackground\" src=\"https:\/\/www.esri.com\/arcgis-blog\/app\/uploads\/2017\/07\/CubeFront.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"293\" height=\"340\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p>And I copied the layer again and gave it a graphic to look like the subtle shading of a glassy cube and put it underneath the bivariate layer. Like a graphic sandwich. Here it is&#8230;<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.esri.com\/arcgis-blog\/app\/uploads\/2017\/07\/CubeBack.png\" target=\"_blank\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-83542\" src=\"https:\/\/www.esri.com\/arcgis-blog\/app\/uploads\/2017\/07\/CubeBack.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"293\" height=\"340\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p>That layer sandwich really helps cubify this thing&#8230;<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.esri.com\/arcgis-blog\/app\/uploads\/2017\/07\/8CubeGraphic.png\" target=\"_blank\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-83544 noIMGBackground\" src=\"https:\/\/www.esri.com\/arcgis-blog\/app\/uploads\/2017\/07\/8CubeGraphic.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1040\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p>Up next is to add a label to the cubes. I used a small italics font and tweaked with the offset distances so that it pushed the label over to the corner of the &#8220;box.&#8221; I also played with the rotation so they looked somewhat 3-dimensional. Not perfect but plenty good.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.esri.com\/arcgis-blog\/app\/uploads\/2017\/07\/9Label.png\" target=\"_blank\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-83546 noIMGBackground\" src=\"https:\/\/www.esri.com\/arcgis-blog\/app\/uploads\/2017\/07\/9Label.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1040\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\"><strong>Fin<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>And that&#8217;s that! Sneaky uses of picture symbols can add a fun sense of dimensionality to a point symbol. I hope you give it a try!<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.esri.com\/arcgis-blog\/app\/uploads\/2017\/07\/ElectoCuboGram.jpg\" target=\"_blank\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-83533 noIMGBackground\" src=\"https:\/\/www.esri.com\/arcgis-blog\/app\/uploads\/2017\/07\/ElectoCuboGram.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"3000\" height=\"1909\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\"><strong>Some infrequently asked questions&#8230;<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><em>Is there a cognitive consideration when crating a map of scaled hexagons that then appear as volumetric cubes rather than area-scaled 2-dimensional symbols?<\/em> Absolutely. You got me there. I suppose I should have used the &#8220;square root&#8221; of electoral college votes as my scaling attribute since the result is intended to look area-scaled.<\/p>\n<p><em>Why make these proportional hexagon symbols look 3D?<\/em> Because it is pretty. And when I show it to people they immediately go from yawns to fawns when the 3D graphics come into play. Eye-catching design is the hard-to-come-by currency that purchases a second, closer, look.<\/p>\n<p><em>Can the graphical hack of foreground\/background layer sandwiches be used for shapes other than hexagons?<\/em> Yes, but <a href=\"http:\/\/www.npr.org\/sections\/krulwich\/2013\/05\/13\/183704091\/what-is-it-about-bees-and-hexagons\" target=\"_blank\">why<\/a>?<\/p>\n<p>Happy cube mapping! <a href=\"https:\/\/twitter.com\/John_M_Nelson\" target=\"_blank\">John<\/a><\/p>\n<p>**UPDATE**<\/p>\n<p>A couple cartographers recently used this method to create their own awesome maps!<\/p>\n<p>@pokateo shared <a href=\"https:\/\/twitter.com\/pokateo_\/status\/890595687875973121\" target=\"_blank\">this cubo-gram of commuter<\/a> proportions and their commute duration.<\/p>\n<p>Jonah Adkins made this beautiful\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/jonahadkins.com\/cartography\/esri\/2017\/07\/30\/rainfall-cubes.html\" target=\"_blank\">rainfall cubo-gram<\/a>, which is probably the best phenomenon I can think of for this aesthetic.<\/p>\n"}],"authors":[{"ID":6971,"user_firstname":"John","user_lastname":"Nelson","nickname":"John Nelson","user_nicename":"j_nelson","display_name":"John Nelson","user_email":"John_Nelson@esri.com","user_url":"http:\/\/www.adventuresinmapping.com","user_registered":"2018-03-02 00:19:05","user_description":"I have far too much fun looking for ways to understand and present data visually, hopefully driving product strategy and engaging users. I work in the ArcGIS Living Atlas team at Esri, pushing and pulling data in all sorts of absurd ways and then sharing the process. I also design user experiences for maps and apps.\r\nWhen I'm not doing those things, I'm chasing around toddlers and wrangling chickens, and generally getting into other ad-hoc adventures. Life is good.\r\nYou might also like these Styles for ArcGIS Pro: esriurl.com\/nelsonstyles","user_avatar":"<img data-del=\"avatar\" src='https:\/\/www.esri.com\/arcgis-blog\/app\/uploads\/2018\/04\/Profile.jpg' class='avatar pp-user-avatar avatar-96 photo ' height='96' width='96'\/>"}]},"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v25.9 (Yoast SEO v25.9) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>How-To: Electo-Cubo-Gram<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.esri.com\/arcgis-blog\/products\/analytics\/analytics\/how-to-electo-cubo-gram\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"How-To: Electo-Cubo-Gram\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" 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