{"id":546522,"date":"2024-10-15T23:28:37","date_gmt":"2024-10-15T23:28:37","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/uat.esri.com\/en-us\/industries\/blog\/?post_type=blog&#038;p=546522"},"modified":"2025-01-22T18:08:31","modified_gmt":"2025-01-22T18:08:31","slug":"trends-in-health-gis-elevating-maternal-and-child-health-through-spatial-insights","status":"publish","type":"blog","link":"https:\/\/www.esri.com\/en-us\/industries\/blog\/articles\/trends-in-health-gis-elevating-maternal-and-child-health-through-spatial-insights","title":{"rendered":"Trends in Health GIS: Elevating Maternal and Child Health Through Spatial Insights"},"content":{"rendered":"<p class=\"undefined block-editor-paragraph\">As we continue to explore the intersection of GIS and health, our focus now shifts to maternal and child health\u2014an area where geographic information systems (GIS) can offer transformative insights. Following our previous discussions on the <a href=\"https:\/\/uat.esri.com\/en-us\/industries\/blog\/articles\/trends-in-health-gis-international-overdose-awareness-day\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">opioid epidemic<\/a> and <a href=\"https:\/\/uat.esri.com\/en-us\/industries\/blog\/articles\/trends-in-health-gis-mapping-healthcare-accessibility\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">healthcare accessibility<\/a>, this third installment in the Trends in Health GIS series takes a deep dive into the pressing issues facing maternal and child health today. From rising maternal mortality rates to inequities in healthcare access, GIS provides critical tools for understanding and addressing these challenges.<\/p>\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"641\" src=\"https:\/\/uat.esri.com\/en-us\/industries\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/Maternal-Trends-1024x641.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-546532\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.esri.com\/en-us\/industries\/blog\/app\/uploads\/2024\/10\/Maternal-Trends-1024x641.png 1024w, https:\/\/www.esri.com\/en-us\/industries\/blog\/app\/uploads\/2024\/10\/Maternal-Trends-300x188.png 300w, https:\/\/www.esri.com\/en-us\/industries\/blog\/app\/uploads\/2024\/10\/Maternal-Trends-768x481.png 768w, https:\/\/www.esri.com\/en-us\/industries\/blog\/app\/uploads\/2024\/10\/Maternal-Trends-1536x962.png 1536w, https:\/\/www.esri.com\/en-us\/industries\/blog\/app\/uploads\/2024\/10\/Maternal-Trends-2048x1282.png 2048w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Key trends in in Maternal and Child health.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-global-trends-in-maternal-mortality\"><strong>Global Trends in Maternal Mortality<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n<p class=\"undefined block-editor-paragraph\">Despite global efforts to improve maternal health, approximately 287,000 women died from pregnancy-related causes in 2020, with excessive bleeding, infections, hypertension, and unsafe abortions being the primary culprits. Most of these deaths are preventable, yet they disproportionately occur in low and lower-middle-income countries, particularly in sub-Saharan Africa and Southern Asia. These regions account for a staggering 86% of global maternal deaths (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.who.int\/health-topics\/maternal-health#tab=tab_1\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">World Health Organization<\/a>).<\/p>\n\n<p class=\"undefined block-editor-paragraph\">GIS can help public health officials analyze maternal mortality data across these regions, pinpointing the places where interventions are most urgently needed. By mapping the availability of skilled birth attendants and health facilities, GIS allows for targeted resource allocation, ensuring that pregnant women have access to timely, life-saving care.<\/p>\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"498\" src=\"https:\/\/uat.esri.com\/en-us\/industries\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/Maternal-Mortality-1024x498.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-546542\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.esri.com\/en-us\/industries\/blog\/app\/uploads\/2024\/10\/Maternal-Mortality-1024x498.png 1024w, https:\/\/www.esri.com\/en-us\/industries\/blog\/app\/uploads\/2024\/10\/Maternal-Mortality-300x146.png 300w, https:\/\/www.esri.com\/en-us\/industries\/blog\/app\/uploads\/2024\/10\/Maternal-Mortality-768x373.png 768w, https:\/\/www.esri.com\/en-us\/industries\/blog\/app\/uploads\/2024\/10\/Maternal-Mortality-1536x747.png 1536w, https:\/\/www.esri.com\/en-us\/industries\/blog\/app\/uploads\/2024\/10\/Maternal-Mortality-2048x996.png 2048w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">This map was created with data from the <a href=\"https:\/\/livingatlas.arcgis.com\/en\/home\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">ArcGIS Living Atlas of the World<\/a>, contributed by Jessica White of Direct Relief. The dataset has 10 indicators of global population and maternal health by country. Shown is the maternal mortality rate (maternal deaths per 100,000 births).<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-maternal-mortality-in-the-united-states-a-crisis\"><strong>Maternal Mortality in the United States: A Crisis<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n<p class=\"undefined block-editor-paragraph\">Surprisingly, the United States faces its own maternal health crisis, holding the highest maternal mortality rate among developed nations, with 32.9 deaths per 100,000 live births in 2021. For Black women, the numbers are even more alarming, with 69.9 deaths per 100,000 live births (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/nchs\/data\/hestat\/maternal-mortality\/2021\/maternal-mortality-rates-2021.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Centers for Disease Control and Prevention<\/a>). This stark racial disparity reflects what are known to be deep-seated systemic inequities in healthcare access and quality. Regardless of income or education level, Black women are three times as likely to die from pregnancy-related complications compared to their white counterparts.<\/p>\n\n<p class=\"undefined block-editor-paragraph\">GIS plays a pivotal role in visualizing these disparities, enabling public health professionals to analyze patterns of maternal mortality by race and geographic location. Adding in infrastructure data like hospital availability and healthcare provider distribution along with socioeconomic factors such as income and education levels contributes to the design of interventions that directly address local needs and improve equity by decreasing disparate outcomes. For example, a GIS-based analysis in South Carolina revealed a strong correlation between limited access to obstetric care and higher rates of low-birthweight babies.<\/p>\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"576\" src=\"https:\/\/uat.esri.com\/en-us\/industries\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/Low-Birth-Weight-1024x576.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-546552\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.esri.com\/en-us\/industries\/blog\/app\/uploads\/2024\/10\/Low-Birth-Weight-1024x576.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/www.esri.com\/en-us\/industries\/blog\/app\/uploads\/2024\/10\/Low-Birth-Weight-300x169.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.esri.com\/en-us\/industries\/blog\/app\/uploads\/2024\/10\/Low-Birth-Weight-768x432.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.esri.com\/en-us\/industries\/blog\/app\/uploads\/2024\/10\/Low-Birth-Weight.jpg 1280w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Spatial analysis of low birthweight babies in South Carolina by ZIP code. 1. Rate of low birthweight babies by ZIP Code in a choropleth map. 2. Hot spot analysis showing places in red where the rate of low birthweight babies is higher than expected. 3. Locations of OB\/Gyn specialists 4. Thirty-minute drive times around each OB\/Gyn specialist. 5. Highlighting in orange the high-risk communities with inadequate access to care. 6. Enrichment of the orange area from panel 5 with additional data, including the numbers of women of child-bearing age to help focus efforts where they are most needed and can have the greatest impact.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-the-role-of-gis-in-policy-and-regulatory-impacts\"><strong>The Role of GIS in Policy and Regulatory Impacts<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n<p class=\"undefined block-editor-paragraph\">Policy decisions profoundly impact maternal and child health, particularly in the United States. The 2022 Dobbs v. Jackson Women\u2019s Health Organization decision, which overturned the constitutional right to abortion, has led to significant geographic variations in abortion access. Currently, 14 states have enacted near-total abortion bans, forcing women in affected areas to travel long distances for care.<\/p>\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"344\" src=\"https:\/\/uat.esri.com\/en-us\/industries\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/Dobbs-1024x344.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-546562\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.esri.com\/en-us\/industries\/blog\/app\/uploads\/2024\/10\/Dobbs-1024x344.png 1024w, https:\/\/www.esri.com\/en-us\/industries\/blog\/app\/uploads\/2024\/10\/Dobbs-300x101.png 300w, https:\/\/www.esri.com\/en-us\/industries\/blog\/app\/uploads\/2024\/10\/Dobbs-768x258.png 768w, https:\/\/www.esri.com\/en-us\/industries\/blog\/app\/uploads\/2024\/10\/Dobbs-1536x517.png 1536w, https:\/\/www.esri.com\/en-us\/industries\/blog\/app\/uploads\/2024\/10\/Dobbs-2048x689.png 2048w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Access to abortion care became the purview of the states after the 2022 Dobbs v. Jackson Women\u2019s Health Organization decision by the United States Supreme Court, eliminating the constitutional right to abortion that had been protected by Roe v. Wade and Planned Parenthood v. Casey for nearly 50 years. Light pink areas represent a 4\u20137-hour drive time while dark pink areas indicate places where the drive is more than 7 hours to access an abortion provider.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n<p class=\"undefined block-editor-paragraph\">GIS tools, like the <a href=\"https:\/\/experience.arcgis.com\/experience\/6e360741bfd84db79d5db774a1147815\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Abortion Access Dashboard<\/a>, offer insights into the effects of these policy changes not only by mapping travel times to abortion clinics before and after the Dobbs decision, but also revealing how travel distances disproportionately affect women of color and those with lower incomes, further exacerbating inequities in maternal health outcomes. Spatial analysis has shown that women in areas with high proportions of Black and Hispanic residents experience significantly longer driving times to abortion clinics, contributing to delays in care. The dashboard also shows the surge in demand for the abortion clinics nearest the banned areas.<\/p>\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"576\" src=\"https:\/\/uat.esri.com\/en-us\/industries\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/Abortion-Access-Dashboard-1024x576.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-546572\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.esri.com\/en-us\/industries\/blog\/app\/uploads\/2024\/10\/Abortion-Access-Dashboard-1024x576.png 1024w, https:\/\/www.esri.com\/en-us\/industries\/blog\/app\/uploads\/2024\/10\/Abortion-Access-Dashboard-300x169.png 300w, https:\/\/www.esri.com\/en-us\/industries\/blog\/app\/uploads\/2024\/10\/Abortion-Access-Dashboard-768x432.png 768w, https:\/\/www.esri.com\/en-us\/industries\/blog\/app\/uploads\/2024\/10\/Abortion-Access-Dashboard.png 1280w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Explore the dashboard along with its data and methodologies <a href=\"https:\/\/experience.arcgis.com\/experience\/6e360741bfd84db79d5db774a1147815\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">here<\/a>.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n<p class=\"undefined block-editor-paragraph\">The Biden-Harris Administration declared its commitment to cutting the rates of maternal morbidity and mortality, reducing the disparities in maternal health outcomes, and improving the overall experience of pregnancy, birth, and postpartum for people across the country as outlined in their Maternal Health Blueprint. GIS can be used for all parts of this program, but I thought I\u2019d specifically mention the Maternal, Infant and Early Childhood Home Visiting Programs focused on serving families at risk for poor outcomes. In this case, GIS could support the process by identifying the highest risk communities and also improve efficiency with optimized routing for the health workers, including mobile phone navigation and even data collection during a visit.<\/p>\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"373\" src=\"https:\/\/uat.esri.com\/en-us\/industries\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/10\/Home-visiting-1024x373.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-546582\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.esri.com\/en-us\/industries\/blog\/app\/uploads\/2024\/10\/Home-visiting-1024x373.png 1024w, https:\/\/www.esri.com\/en-us\/industries\/blog\/app\/uploads\/2024\/10\/Home-visiting-300x109.png 300w, https:\/\/www.esri.com\/en-us\/industries\/blog\/app\/uploads\/2024\/10\/Home-visiting-768x280.png 768w, https:\/\/www.esri.com\/en-us\/industries\/blog\/app\/uploads\/2024\/10\/Home-visiting-1536x560.png 1536w, https:\/\/www.esri.com\/en-us\/industries\/blog\/app\/uploads\/2024\/10\/Home-visiting-2048x747.png 2048w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Optimize routing and data collection for maternal, infant and early childhood home visiting programs.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-addressing-the-formula-shortage-with-gis\"><strong>Addressing the Formula Shortage with GIS<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n<p class=\"undefined block-editor-paragraph\">Sometimes the concept of access is not only about driving times or distances. Sometimes it\u2019s about the supply chain and its impact on critical resources. You may recall that in 2022 there was a critical shortage of baby formula. This put many infants at risk for nutritional deficiencies, like low iron levels that can cause iron deficiency anemia or Vitamin C deficiency. Babies could also suffer digestive problems and even bloody diarrhea when cow\u2019s milk was substitute for formula. GIS proved instrumental in this crisis by helping local milk banks raise awareness about a safe alternative &#8211; donated breast milk. By using Tapestry Segmentation data, GIS experts were able to enhance outreach and communication efforts, provide opportunities to donate breast milk, and match donated milk to those in need. Read more about this innovative use of GIS in this <a href=\"https:\/\/www.esri.com\/en-us\/lg\/industry\/nonprofit\/stories\/san-jose-connects-mothers-to-milk-banks\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">case study<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-leverage-the-tools-you-likely-already-have\"><strong>Leverage the Tools you Likely Already Have<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n<p class=\"undefined block-editor-paragraph\">Maternal and child health faces a multitude of challenges, from rising mortality rates to inequities in healthcare access. But GIS offers hope, providing powerful tools to analyze, understand, and address these complex issues. Whether it&#8217;s identifying gaps in care, optimizing service delivery, or assessing the impact of policy decisions, GIS empowers health professionals to make data-driven decisions that save lives.<\/p>\n\n<p class=\"undefined block-editor-paragraph\">These tools are widely available\u2014the next step is to apply them to create a safer, healthier world for mothers and their children. If we can help you, please contact us at <a href=\"mailto:healthinfo@esri.com\">healthinfo@esri.com<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n<p class=\"undefined block-editor-paragraph\">It won\u2019t be long until I publish the next and final installment in this years\u2019 \u2018trends\u2019 series, where I\u2019ll consider indoor GIS for health organizations.<\/p>","protected":false},"author":802,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":"","_links_to":"","_links_to_target":""},"categories":[141],"tags":[2942,287,128,5642,5652],"class_list":["post-546522","blog","type-blog","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-health","tag-access-to-care","tag-gis","tag-location-intelligence","tag-maternal-health","tag-trends-in-health","industry-health-and-human-services"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v25.9 (Yoast SEO v25.9) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ 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